Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract The current study identified pathogenic variables associated with increased mortality risk in infectious diseases using predictive analysis and a combination of genotypic, phenotypic, and medical data. The quick nucleic acid-based clinical assessment might affect the spread of hospital-acquired illnesses, and we think that such life-saving operations should be carried out closer to the individual, preferably in 24/7 medical facilities' specialized labs. Personalized medicine notions are relevant in infections for the (rapid) characterization of a disease-causing microbial community and perseverance of its antibiotic susceptibility characteristic to guide a suitable antibiotic therapy for the proper care of the individual. Personalized medicine aims to interrogate a patient's genetic data, and pharmacodynamics polymorphisms, and guide drug options and dosage. This work demonstrates the potential use of fundamental genetic analysis in treating infectious diseases and theoretically justifies the value of customized therapy

Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common infertility disorder, affecting a significant proportion of the global population. This syndrome has been one of the most controversial entities in gynecological endocrinology for many years. Both genes and the environment contribute to PCOS. Obesity, exacerbated by poor dietary choices, and physical inactivity, worsens PCOS in susceptible individuals. PCOS is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperandrogenemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and chronic anovulation. Many candidate genes have been identified to be one of the causes of PCOS. Different studies have been carried out to find the genetic correlation of PCOS. It is essential to carry out such studies that identify the clear cause of PCOS and its genetic association and hormonal disbalance. Currently, PCOS is considered a polygenic trait that might result from the interaction of susceptible and protective genomic variants and environmental factors, during either prenatal or postnatal life.

Abstract A number of animal disease models have been created in the past to investigate the molecular basis of neurological diseases and identify novel treatments, but their effectiveness has been limited by the absence of comparable animal models. There are still several important problems that need to be overcome, including the high expenses associated with creating animal models, ethical issues, and a lack of similarity to human disease. More than 90% of medications fail in the last stage of the human clinical trial as a result of inadequate early screening and assessment of the molecules. A novel strategy based on induced pluripotent stem cells has been developed to get around these restrictions (iPSCs). A new road map for clinical translational research and regeneration treatment has been made possible by the discovery of iPSCs. In this paper, we investigate the potential use of patient-derived iPSCs to neurological disorders as well as their significance in scientific and clinical studies for the creation of disease models and a road map for the next of medicine. The role of human iPSCs in the most prevalent neurodegenerative illnesses (such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, diabetic neuropathy) was evaluated. The patient-on-a-chip idea, where iPSCs may be cultivated on 3D matrices within microfluidic devices to produce an in vitro disease model for tailored medication, is another new development in the field of personalized medicine that we looked into.

Abstract Drug resistance in cancer is a major challenge to properly treating malignancy. Therapies aimed at proteins involved in cancer development may become less effective due to acquired resistance to medications, often resulting from mutations as well as heightened expression of the targeted proteins. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) like as phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation are crucial for regulating protein expression levels. PROTACs are engineered to selectively degrade a specific protein of interest (POI) by ubiquitination, resulting in a regulated decrease in the POI’s expression. PROTACs show great potential in targeting hitherto untargetable proteins, such as various transcription factors. PROTACs enhance antitumor immune therapy by specifically modifying certain proteins. Although molecular therapies have advanced, lung cancer remains a major contributor to cancer-related mortality. The management of those with lung cancer is now limited by a lack of targeted therapy choices and the development of acquired drug resistance. Using the intracellular ubiquitin-proteasome system for directed protein breakdown might enhance individualized treatment for lung cancer patients. This study explores the rationale for using PROTAC therapy as an innovative specific therapy and the current advancements in PROTAC development for lung tumors.

Abstract According to the World Health Organization, immunizations save between two and three million lives every year by avoiding illness. In addition to these immunizations, eradicating human smallpox was possible and is close to eradicating polio. In addition, vaccines have a significant economic impact because they prevent hospitalization of patients and other care costs. A vaccine is a biological product that specifically leads to acquired immunity against a pathogenic pathogen and prevents the disease in the face of the main pathogen in a person. Therefore, vaccines are an important tool for maintaining health in the global community. Traditional vaccines have been used against a wide range of pathogenic pathogens, both viral and bacterial, and have been successful. However, these vaccines do not work and are ineffective against pathogens that change rapidly in terms of genetic material and surface epitopes.
During the last decade, vaccines based on nucleic acids, viral vectors and biomaterials have shown promising results. This study has discussed an overview of traditional vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines, viral vector-based vaccines, and biomaterials.

Abstract Personalized medicine as a revolutionary in medicine provides medical services tailored to a person's molecular characteristics. In personalized medicine, the physician with the knowledge of information in the person’s molecular profile (omics) can prescribe an effective drug with minimal side effects and appropriate dose for changing lifestyle and diet to prevent and treat diseases.
Theoretically, the molecular profile of each individual could give some information about risk of diseases, the person responses to medications and the relationship between person molecular profile and certain traits, such as lactose intolerance and diet-specific adaptation.
In the past, it was impossible to confirm the presence or absence of mutations in an individual's genome, as the use of molecular techniques such as PCR was very time consuming and was associated with many limitations. On the other hand, many traits and diseases are multigenic and the consequence of interaction with environment. Furthermore mathematical models for measuring genetic risk were not developed.
In recent years, creation of individual genetic profile with determination of a person's genotype and all known mutations in a short time and at low cost became possible, due to advances in microarray technology, computer science and statistics.
In parallel with genomics, advances in other multidisciplinary sciences such as nanotechnology and systematic biology have facilitated the disease interactions at the cellular and molecular scale. Nanomedicine has provided the control of drug release profiles using design and fabrication of nanostructured devices, so it is hoped that by combining these information and examining their interactions, better contribution to human health will be achieved. In this review, we focused on nanotechnology applications and solutions that impact on personalized medicine and accelerate its progress and development.
 

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive and incurable cognitive and behavioral disorders. Personalized medicine, which is also called precision medicine, represents an approach to the treatment of the disease with the aim of improving the effectiveness of the treatment, which stops or slows the disease in an optimal and targeted manner based on a certain time. It enables physician to accurately and efficiently identify the most effective treatment. Personalized medicine is based on molecular knowledge. Genome sequencing by the Human Genome Project (HGP) represents one of the most powerful tools for personalized medicine, as well as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics development which can be used for both disease prediction and better treatment. In this paper, we will review the strategies that personalized medicine offers for the treatment of AD for the future.

Abstract Exosomes are becoming recognized as crucial facilitators of interaction between cells. They deliver biological agents to target cells, play essential roles throughout multiple biological and pathological events, and have significant potential as innovative alternative therapies for illnesses. Exosomal communication between cells appears to have a role in the development of several illnesses, involving cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, and inflammatory disorders. Exosomes are diminutive (20–150 nm) entities characterized by a unique bilipid protein architecture. They transport and switch diverse cargos across cells and serve as noninvasive indicators for multiple disorders. Exosomes are regarded as the most effective indicators for cancer detection due to their distinctive properties. This document will examine the current uses of exosomes, their origins, and diverse isolation techniques. Furthermore, the function of exosomes and their use in biomedical studies and preclinical experiments are succinctly addressed.

Abstract A model system for precision medicine has been suggested using tumor organoids. Tumor organoids are unique for cancer research on a patient-by-patient basis because they are able to preserve properties of the original tumor. As a result, it is alluring to consider using tumor organoids to improve patient outcomes during clinical decision-making. Patient outcomes have a good correlation with tumor organoid responses to a variety of medicines in vitro. Before application in clinical cancer care can be considered, however, there are still significant obstacles to be overcome and large cohort prospective trials are desperately needed. Tumor organoids offer a lot of potential in preclinical research due to their unique traits and direct connection to patient data. Here, we have evaluated the most recent developments in the development and use of cancer organoids grown from patients for cancer biology research and customized treatment. We have concentrated on the potential of organoids as a platform for the discovery and creation of innovative targeted therapies for the most intractable malignancy, pancreatobiliary cancer.

Abstract  Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are characterized by the immune system’s maladaptive response against self-antigens, culminating in chronic inflammation and progressive tissue damage. Although genetic predisposition establishes baseline susceptibility, environmental pollutants—such as heavy metals, pesticides, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and industrial chemicals—are increasingly recognized as pivotal triggers of immune dysregulation. These xenobiotics induce oxidative stress, disrupt immune tolerance by impairing regulatory T-cell function, and modulate critical signaling pathways including NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT. Epidemiological studies corroborate associations between pollutant exposure and heightened incidence or severity of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. This review synthesizes molecular, cellular, and population-based evidence to elucidate the mechanisms by which environmental pollution contributes to the onset and progression of AIDs.

Abstract In the twenty-first century, there still needs more clarity on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid arthritis is a widespread but heterogeneous illness with a broad range in its history, clinical symptoms, and response to therapy. It is now known that prevention of joint destruction, functional impairment, and a poor disease prognosis depends on early, correct diagnosis and starting therapy with disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs), among which methotrexate (MTX) remains the gold standard in the treatment of RA. Early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis is crucial since it enables a speedier start to primary therapy. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic research, which aid in identifying a patient’s genetic profile, may bring personalized treatment closer to reality. Identifying disease-specific genes while the organism’s resistance to them is still intact should be made feasible by further study into RA.

Abstract Lots of people are struggling with Kidney disease or cancer around the world. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are associated directionally and share risk factors. Because of the role of kidneys in detoxification, studying the relationship between cancer chemotherapy and kidney disorders is significant. This investigation fills the current gap between cancer occurrence and kidney problems.
CKD can induce RCC through a cystic disorder or oxidative stress. RCC also promotes CKD due to the tumor interactions, physical removal of kidney mass, and perioperative acute renal disease. Kidney failure also leads to renal cancer-specific pathways. For example, renal progenitors are converted to tumor-initiating cells through HIF, Notch, mTOR, and Hippo pathways. Furthermore, progress in cancer treatment during recent years has increased the overall survival of patients with advanced malignancies faced with early and late adverse effects from therapeutics. There are conflicting findings about the dosing of typical chemotherapeutics because of loss of kidney function. Recommended doses are usually according to expert opinion, not scientific evidence. This investigation has evaluated issues in cancer patients with kidney problems that can help patients by informing physicians about GFR loss and its effect on chemotherapy.
Keywords: kidney diseases, cancer, chemotherapy, CKD, AKI

Abstract Platelets are tiny (2-4 m), anucleate, hematopoietic cells that are discharged into the circulation by bone marrow megakaryocytes. Platelets were formerly thought to be the main agents of hemostasis and thrombosis. Armand Trousseau established a strong link between thrombosis and cancer in 1865. The hypothesis that platelets play many roles in the development of malignancies and in cancer-associated thrombosis is thus supported by a wealth of clinical and experimental data.The functions of tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) in the development of cancer, from primary tumors to subsequent metastatic breakouts, will be covered in this study

Abstract Background and Objective: Gene therapy can be employed to treat several disorders, including cancer. Globally, women are more frequently diagnosed with breast cancer than any other cancer type, underscoring the necessity for innovative strategies. Algorithms driven by artificial intelligence can enhance the gene therapy process for breast cancer by analyzing vast data sets, identifying intricate patterns, and classifying those patterns. This project aims to perform a literature evaluation focusing on the therapeutic uses of artificial intelligence in gene therapy for breast cancer.

Materials and Methods: For the aim of this study, data was gathered by reading previously published articles and searching the PubMed database for phrases that were relevant to the question being investigated.
Findings: The AI-driven algorithm analyzes complex molecular pathways in the human body, replicates the knowledge of scientists and physicians in clinical research, and simulates biological processes related to gene regulation, thereby improving the effectiveness of gene vectors, managing gene and drug delivery parameters, and modeling cellular behavior. This method diminishes medical errors and promotes early disease identification and drug efficacy forecasting, thereby providing patients with optimal results from advanced treatments like gene therapy with minimal side effects.
Conclusion: Over the period of the past decade, a multitude of efforts have been made to deploy various gene therapy procedures for breast cancer patients, to achieve the highest possible level of efficacy while minimizing the risk of adverse consequences. As a result, artificial intelligence is considered to be a powerful tool for improving early diagnosis and efficient gene therapy for breast cancer.

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a prevalent autosomal recessive disorder characterized by gradual weakening of the skeletal and respiratory muscles, resulting in substantial impairment. The illness is a result of genetic abnormalities in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which leads to a reduction in the SMN protein and subsequently causes the degeneration of lower motor neurons. Gene therapy is a method that has the potential to cure or prevent uncommon monogenic illnesses by substituting a defective gene with a functional one. Gene therapy is particularly suitable for monogenic illnesses since it has the ability to correct abnormalities in a single gene. Currently, Nusinersen, risdiplam, and onasemnogene abeparvovec are the only officially sanctioned treatments for SMA that have the ability to influence the course of the illness. The purpose of this analysis is to examine and analyze their mechanisms of action, impacts, and potential safety issues. Nusinersen and risdiplam function by altering the SMN2 gene product, whereas onasemnogene abeparvovec operates by introducing copies of the SMN1 gene into cells. In this article, we briefly describe the pathogenesis and treatment strate, gies of SMA.

Abstract Pharmacogenomics is a relatively new subject that utilizes genomics and pharmacology to investigate the ways in which genetic variants influence individual responses to treatment with pharmaceuticals. A departure from the conventional "one-size-fits-all" treatment strategy is marked by the advent of pharmacogenomics, which makes it possible to tailor pharmacological regimens to the specific genetic profile of an individual. Significant improvements in pharmacological efficacy, reductions in adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and assistance in the development of drugs that are both safe and effective for a wide range of conditions are all possible outcomes of this domain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prospective results of pharmacogenomics, with a particular emphasis on the function it plays in the process of drug development and its incorporation into personalized medicine. The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic characteristics that influence the metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity of drugs, as well as to investigate the regulatory framework that is associated with pharmacogenomics testing. This paper provides a synopsis of the most important genes that are involved in pharmacogenomic responses, as well as a discussion of the potential difficulties that may arise in their practical use and the anticipated breakthroughs in this area of study.

Abstract Urological issues in renal people with transplants include more than just posttransplant consequences. These issues contribute significantly to patient death and morbidity, resulting in long-term consequences for graft viability. Finally, transplantation is a key component of the urological network; hence, the transplant team ought to be ready for predictable and unforeseen urological difficulties in both the immediate and future. These mostly comprise surgical urological problems (urine leaks, ureteral stenosis, and vesicoureteral reflux) and bladder outlet blockage. A great deal has been achieved in the therapy of urological problems in the past few decades, owing mostly to developments in endourologic procedures. The purpose of this study is to outline the therapy of urological disorders following a renal transplant in light of present knowledge.

Abstract Hysterectomy, the surgical excision of the uterus, has historically been fundamental in the management of gynecologic malignancies, encompassing endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancers. Traditionally, hysterectomy has been executed via open abdominal surgery, a method that, although efficacious, frequently leads to extended recovery periods, heightened risk of complications, and greater psychological and physical strain for patients. In recent decades, substantial breakthroughs in surgical techniques and technology have fundamentally transformed the approach to these treatments, resulting in enhanced clinical outcomes, diminished complications, and expedited recovery periods. This study examines recent advancements in hysterectomy techniques, particularly highlighting the rise of minimally invasive approaches, including laparoscopic, robotic-assisted, and vaginal hysterectomy. These methods, characterized by smaller incisions and improved vision, are linked to many benefits, such as less blood loss, abbreviated hospital stays, and expedited resumption of normal activities. Furthermore, we examine the technical innovations that have significantly enhanced surgical precision, including 3D imaging, intraoperative molecular imaging, and real-time navigation systems.
These innovations have not only enhanced the effectiveness of treatment but have also contributed to a better overall quality of life for patients by reducing postoperative pain, minimizing scarring, and offering quicker recovery. Moreover, the psychological and emotional strains associated with cancer surgery, such as anxiety and body image concerns, are mitigated by less invasive techniques, resulting in enhanced patient satisfaction. Through this comprehensive analysis, the review highlights the transformative role of these technological and surgical advancements in gynecologic cancer treatment. These advancements enhance the precision and results of hysterectomy, reducing the long-term physical and psychological difficulties typically linked to cancer procedures, ultimately leading to improved treatment experiences and increased survival rates.

Abstract A common and incapacitating condition, chronic pain offers a difficult field of work because of its variability and response to conventional treatments. Genomic and proteomic-based personalized medicine including epigenetic and biomarker information could help to lower treatment variability, so improving diagnosis, phenotypic classification, and individualized approaches to treatment. Recent developments in genetics and pharmacogenetics of pain, pain phenotyping techniques, and the development of focused therapies including epigenetic modulators, peptides, biologics and nanomedicine are underlined in this review. Personalized medicine seeks to match every patient's individual genetic makeup to their course of treatment. It is increasingly accepted that pain chronology involves epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications. Furthermore discussed are the value of biomarkers in evaluating therapy response and prognosis as well as ethical, financial, and data availability-related issues. Finally, future directions involve the use of artificial intelligence mixed with multi-omics data for tailored optimal pain management. Adopting these changes can help patients to have less chronic pain and improve the therapeutic outcomes.

Abstract Cancer, the second foremost worldwide cause of mortality, affects individuals both physically and emotionally. Traditional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have detrimental consequences, necessitating the pursuit of more targeted methods. Precision medicine facilitates more tailored therapies. The introduction of next-generation sequencing technology, as well as the growing frequency of large-scale tumor molecular profiling programs throughout the world, have changed cancer diagnosis and treatment. With the increasing availability of comprehensive genetic tests in medical and scientific settings, healthcare practitioners face complex hurdles in understanding and translating data. The article encapsulates the existing and forthcoming strategies for the implementation of precision cancer therapy, emphasizing the obstacles and potential ways to enhance the understanding and optimize the therapeutic value of molecular profiling outcomes.

Abstract Breast cancer is responsible for more than 2.3 million newly diagnosed cases each year, according to the statistics. A hormonal imbalance, which is defined by unregulated activity of estrogen and progesterone, is often the cause of this type of cancer. It has become easier to handle patients who have HR+ breast cancer, particularly in women who have both advanced and early-stage disease, as a result of the deployment of estrogen-blocking hormone treatment. The permissiveness of tamoxifen, which was the first selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) to be commercialized, made it possible for more hormonal therapies to be developed. The cornerstone of breast cancer treatment is comprised of aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDK) 4/6. These three types of drugs ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes. On the other hand, the inherent or acquired resistance of cancers to hormone therapy continues to be a serious cause for concern. Alterations in the genetic makeup of the tumor, as well as the activation of alternate pathways, make this situation even worse. The increasing development of molecular biology, precision medicine, and targeted therapies, on the other hand, is pointing to a new strategy for dealing with these problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate prospective treatment options and to shed light on the significant role that hormone therapy plays in the management of HR-positive breast cancer.