Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract IntroductionLung cancer is the prevailing form of cancer globally, with a significant fatality rate among both males and females. Lung cancer is the third most frequent type of cancer in Iran, and it is becoming more common all the time. Patients are frequently diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease, which contributes to the high death rate. Therefore, the ability to identify molecular markers is essential for both early diagnosis and the choice of conventional treatment for lung cancer. Numerous genetic variations have been found to be strongly linked to the development of lung cancer, according to studies. The aim of this work is to look into the genes that contribute to the development of lung cancer.
Materials and methods: The present review was authored using search terms related to lung cancer, key genes, clinical biomarkers, and early diagnosis that were found on PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.
Findings: Since the EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and TP53 genes are the most significant and involved in the development of lung cancer, finding mutations in these genes can be a valuable clinical diagnostic for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Discussion and conclusion: With an emphasis on personalized medicine, the identification of genes linked to lung cancer may be utilized as clinical biomarkers for the disease's early diagnosis and effective treatment. The state of targeted lung cancer therapy and early detection techniques may be enhanced by molecular biomarkers. In the field of personalized medicine, identifying the genes linked to lung cancer as clinical biomarkers for early diagnosis and assessing treatment response to select a targeted treatment can be crucial in streamlining the therapeutic process, improving treatment response, lowering mortality, and lessening the material and spiritual harm this illness causes.

Abstract The pathophysiology and molecular pathways of breast cancer (BC) are still unclear, but it appears that BC is caused by the interaction between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Epidemiology studies have shown the increase risk of BC through polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) exposure. Environmental carcinogens induce disease pathways by altering the expression of specific genes that may be a consequence of epigenetic modifications. In order to understand the effects of PAHs in the BC risk, the epigenetic pathway may consider as an important key and likely play a role in BC initiation. Novel epigenetic  biomarkers and treatments hold promise  in the approch of personalized medicine. Here, we focus to review the epigenetic factors in relation to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure that may influence BC risk.

Abstract The causalGiven the known relationship between the HPV infection and some malignancies, it is critical to develop methods for quick detection and quantitation of certain HPV types while encountering a suspected lesion. Early HPV detection is greatly important in monitoring and treating the disease development and progression.  Detection of the viral DNA using PCR is the standard, noninvasive method for detecting cervical HPV infection. In the present study, we intended to develop a TaqMan genotyping assay that targets two types of high-risk HPV types (HPV 16 & 18) and two of the low-risk types (6 & 11).
The study included 75 samples positive for HPV, of which 37 were positive for HPV types 16 and 18, while 38 were positive for HPV types 6 and 11. The samples had been confirmed by a reference kit before. The samples underwent real-time PCR. Each reaction consisted of the 1X CAPITAL™ qPCR Probe Master Mix, specific primer pairs for HPV, and fluorescent-tagged probes.
According to our findings, all the samples genotyped using this method were compatible with the results by the reference kit, which was remarkable.
In conclusion, our type-specific approach based on real-time PCR could detect the entire samples positive for four types of HPV.