Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid tumor in men. While patients with local PCa have better prognostic survival, patients with metastatic PCa have relatively high mortality rates. Exosomes (and other extracellular vesicles) are now part of the cancer research landscape, involved both as players in pathophysiological mechanisms, as biomarkers of the cancer process, and as therapeutic tools. Exosomes contain miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins with the potential to regulate signaling pathways in recipient cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that exosomes play important roles in cell communication and tumor progression and are suitable for monitoring PCa progression and metastasis.

Abstract Cancer is largely a disease of older people; the median age for cancer diagnosis in industrialised countries is approaching 70 years of age and is expected to increase. The morbidity and mortality rates of various tumors increase with age, and thus, malignant tumors are generally defined as aging diseases. The immune system has an ambiguous role in cancer, as it plays an important immune surveillance role in the antitumor response but is also closely associated with the initiation and progression of tumors. With aging we assist to the erosion of the immune response called immunosenescence. This deregulation particularly affects the T cell compartment of the adaptive immune response. In addition to the accumulation of genetic mutations, many researchers believe that immunosenescence may also play an important role in
the tumoral process. In the future, targeting immune senescent cells may be a novel interventional opportunity in cancer patients.