Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract  A metabolic disease known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by a reduction in insulin production and activity. Nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular problems are among the pathological alterations that the body will unavoidably experience as the condition progresses. Type I DM and Type II DM are the two basic subtypes of DM. Oral hypoglycemics are used to treat type II diabetes, while insulin replacement treatment is often used to treat type I diabetes. Insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the main medications used to treat type II diabetes. When first-line oral hypoglycemic medications are not as effective as monotherapy, dual-drug treatments are often advised for patients. Despite the significant therapeutic advantages, traditional dosage forms have a short half-life and varied bioavailability, which require frequent dosing and increased side effects. This may render treatment ineffective and result in patient non-compliance. With the extra benefit of site-specific medication delivery with increased bioavailability and a lower dose regimen, nanotechnology-based techniques are more alluring, given the pathological intricacy of the condition above.
In this review study, we have attempted to examine the biology of type II diabetes, traditional treatment modalities (mono and combination therapy), and drug delivery methods based on nanotechnology.

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak offers an unmatched chance to take advantage of personalized medicine's benefits for the protection, detection, medication, monitoring, and administration of a fresh public health crisis. Antibiotics, which were formerly regarded as miracle cures and among the most difficult life-saving discoveries of the twentieth century, are now posing a hazard to society as a result of overuse and abuse. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a widespread issue that is becoming worse, and the current COVID-19 pandemic might make things even worse. It has been shown that a significant portion of Covid-19 patients gets secondary microbiological infections. The medical industry is now facing difficulties because of this. As a result, several non-antibiotic techniques have been sought, and their processes have been examined, to slow the spread of AMR.