Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract  A metabolic disease known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by a reduction in insulin production and activity. Nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular problems are among the pathological alterations that the body will unavoidably experience as the condition progresses. Type I DM and Type II DM are the two basic subtypes of DM. Oral hypoglycemics are used to treat type II diabetes, while insulin replacement treatment is often used to treat type I diabetes. Insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the main medications used to treat type II diabetes. When first-line oral hypoglycemic medications are not as effective as monotherapy, dual-drug treatments are often advised for patients. Despite the significant therapeutic advantages, traditional dosage forms have a short half-life and varied bioavailability, which require frequent dosing and increased side effects. This may render treatment ineffective and result in patient non-compliance. With the extra benefit of site-specific medication delivery with increased bioavailability and a lower dose regimen, nanotechnology-based techniques are more alluring, given the pathological intricacy of the condition above.
In this review study, we have attempted to examine the biology of type II diabetes, traditional treatment modalities (mono and combination therapy), and drug delivery methods based on nanotechnology.