Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Introduction : Gastric ulcer is a common gastrointestinal disorder resulting from an imbalance between aggressive factors such as gastric acid, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and protective mucosal mechanisms. Limitations of conventional therapies, including drug resistance, systemic side effects, and suboptimal efficacy in certain patients, underscore the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Nanoparticles, as advanced drug delivery systems, offer promising approaches for targeted gastric mucosal therapy by enhancing drug stability, enabling site-specific delivery, and minimizing adverse effects. This review aims to analyze the therapeutic applications of nanoplatforms in the management of gastric ulcers and associated infections.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted by systematically searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 2010 to 2025. Standardized keywords included “gastric ulcer,” “nanoparticles,” “targeted drug delivery,” “Helicobacter pylori,” and “mucosal drug delivery systems.” Eligible studies comprised preclinical investigations, animal models, and relevant review articles. Data were extracted and analyzed qualitatively and thematically.
Results: The findings indicate that nanocarriers including poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), chitosan, silver, gold, selenium nanoparticles, and plant-based formulations—enhance drug bioavailability, enable controlled release, improve mucoadhesion, and achieve targeted gastric delivery. These properties collectively facilitate accelerated mucosal healing and tissue regeneration. Key mechanisms include inhibition of inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), attenuation of oxidative stress, enhancement of antioxidant defenses (SOD, CAT, NRF2), and antibacterial activity against H. pylori. Conversely, certain nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide, may provoke local inflammation and mucosal injury, highlighting the importance of nanoparticle type and physicochemical properties.
Conclusion: Targeted nanoparticles, through controlled drug release, mucoadhesion, anti-inflammatory effects, and antibacterial activity, represent a novel and effective approach for gastric ulcer therapy However, heterogeneity in biological responses and potential toxicity necessitate further extensive preclinical studies and rigorously designed clinical trials to ensure the safety and efficacy of these nanomedicine strategies.

Abstract Drug resistance is a major obstacle in the effective treatment of cancer, severely impacting patient outcomes and complicating therapeutic strategies. The development of resistance is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic and epigenetic changes within cancer cells, alterations in drug metabolism, increased DNA repair mechanisms, overexpression of drug efflux pumps, and complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment. These factors work synergistically to render traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapies less effective over time.
Recent advances in molecular biology, particularly next-generation sequencing and the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing tool, have significantly enhanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving resistance. These technologies have enabled researchers to identify novel genetic mutations and signaling pathways that cancer cells exploit to evade treatment, offering new potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Additionally, the dynamic role of the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix components, has emerged as a key factor influencing drug resistance, further complicating treatment strategies.
To address these challenges, several innovative therapeutic approaches are being explored. Combination therapies, which involve the use of multiple drugs targeting different pathways simultaneously, hold promise in overcoming resistance by attacking cancer cells from multiple fronts. Immunotherapy, which harnesses the body's immune system to target cancer cells, is also showing significant potential in resistant cancers. Furthermore, nanomedicine, which uses nanoparticles to deliver drugs directly to tumors, may improve drug efficacy and minimize resistance.
Despite these advancements, much remains to be done. Ongoing research focused on identifying reliable biomarkers, developing personalized medicine approaches, and understanding the intricate relationship between cancer cells and their microenvironment is essential. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding drug resistance in cancer, emerging therapeutic strategies, and future research directions in this critical field.

Abstract Personalized medicine as a revolutionary in medicine provides medical services tailored to a person's molecular characteristics. In personalized medicine, the physician with the knowledge of information in the person’s molecular profile (omics) can prescribe an effective drug with minimal side effects and appropriate dose for changing lifestyle and diet to prevent and treat diseases.
Theoretically, the molecular profile of each individual could give some information about risk of diseases, the person responses to medications and the relationship between person molecular profile and certain traits, such as lactose intolerance and diet-specific adaptation.
In the past, it was impossible to confirm the presence or absence of mutations in an individual's genome, as the use of molecular techniques such as PCR was very time consuming and was associated with many limitations. On the other hand, many traits and diseases are multigenic and the consequence of interaction with environment. Furthermore mathematical models for measuring genetic risk were not developed.
In recent years, creation of individual genetic profile with determination of a person's genotype and all known mutations in a short time and at low cost became possible, due to advances in microarray technology, computer science and statistics.
In parallel with genomics, advances in other multidisciplinary sciences such as nanotechnology and systematic biology have facilitated the disease interactions at the cellular and molecular scale. Nanomedicine has provided the control of drug release profiles using design and fabrication of nanostructured devices, so it is hoped that by combining these information and examining their interactions, better contribution to human health will be achieved. In this review, we focused on nanotechnology applications and solutions that impact on personalized medicine and accelerate its progress and development.