Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Objective: To investigate the relationship between changes in the level of Pituitary hormones, cholesterol levels, and the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of androgens, this study was designed.
Methods: In this study, the amount of changes in the levels of LH, FSH, and PRL hormones, as well as the level of cholesterol as a precursor of androgens, LDL and HDL lipoproteins, and the expression level of two genes, CYP17A1 and CYP11A1, in 120 people with prostate cancer as a case group and 120 people with BPH as a control group by RT-qPCR.
Results: The statistical analysis demonstrated that serum levels of testosterone, LH, and TSH were significantly higher in the malignant group compared to the benign group. PRL levels were also elevated in the Prostate cancer (PCa) group; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance. No significant difference was observed in serum PSA levels between the two groups. Prostate volume was significantly greater in the benign group than in the malignant group. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the PCa group compared to the Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) group. In contrast, serum levels of LDL and HDL lipoproteins showed no significant differences between the groups. Additionally, the expression levels of CYP11A1 and CYP17A1 genes were significantly increased in the PCa group relative to the BPH group.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that monitoring the hormonal profile and cholesterol level can play an important role in predicting the course of the disease.

Abstract Kallikrein related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of serine-like proteases such as chemo trypsin and trypsin, which are regulated by steroid hormones and play a vital role in a variety of natural and physiological functions through their proteolytic activity. However, involvement of these proteases has been reported in many pathological conditions, such as various types of malignancies. Deregulation of the expression of genes encoding kallikrein, including KLK2, is often associated with many types of cancer, in particular prostate cancer. This review provides an overview of the gene and protein structures and function of KLKs particularly, KLK2, at the molecular level, and also summarizes the role of KLK2 in the pathobiology of prostate cancer and the possible mechanisms involved in its progression. Finally, the importance of this protein is studied as a specific diagnostic marker along with PSA marker as well as therapeutic target of KLK2 in treatment of prostate cancer.  A comprehensive understanding the structure and activity of this protein in prostate cancer can provide a valuable tool for future clinical practice that can be used to evaluate the clinical outcome and select the most appropriate treatment strategy. The critical role of KLK2 in promoting cell growth, migration, metastasis, angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, suggests KLK2 as the second diagnostic biomarker along with PSA with high specificity.

Abstract Prostate cancer represents a major health problem in men worldwide. Androgens are required for the growth and maintenance of the prostate. The androgen-signaling axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Clinical treatments that target steroidogenesis and the androgen receptor (AR) successfully postpone disease progression. The role of androgens and AR signaling has been well characterized in metastatic prostate cancer, where it has been shown that prostate cancer cells are exquisitely adept at maintaining functional AR signaling to drive cancer growth. This review summarizes the current information regarding the role of androgens in prostate cancer.

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common solid tumor in men. While patients with local PCa have better prognostic survival, patients with metastatic PCa have relatively high mortality rates. Exosomes (and other extracellular vesicles) are now part of the cancer research landscape, involved both as players in pathophysiological mechanisms, as biomarkers of the cancer process, and as therapeutic tools. Exosomes contain miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins with the potential to regulate signaling pathways in recipient cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that exosomes play important roles in cell communication and tumor progression and are suitable for monitoring PCa progression and metastasis.

Abstract Chemokine CXCL9 is a member of the CXC family and has an important role in the chemotaxis of immune cells. In this study,  changes in the expression of gene CXCL9 in prostate cancer and adjacent healthy tissue was investigated. The prostate cancer tissues and the corresponding adjacent tissues used in this study were collected from 30 patients. qRT-PCR was performed for evaluated changes in the expression of gene CXCL9 in prostate cancer and adjacent healthy tissue. The mRNA levels of CXCL9 in prostate cancer samples was greater than normal samples (P=0.04), The results suggested that the mRNA expression levels of CXCL9 were positively associated with prostate cancer.

Abstract In many cancers, an increase in gene expression of DNMT3b has been reported. This enzyme inhibits the expression of many tumor suppressor genes through the methylation of the promoter sequence and plays a key role in the progression of cancer. In this study, the relationship between polymorphism rs406193 of this gene and the risk of prostate cancer in 60 samples was investigated. The results showed a significant association between genotype TT and the risk of prostate cancer (p=0.048). It is recommended that this study be repeated in larger populations and that the relationship between this polymorphism and gene expression be investigated.