Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract 3D bioprinting is a breakthrough fabrication technology in regenerative medicine It offers great promise for fabricating hierarchical and heterogeneous tissues and organs with similar architecture as those of the natural ones. This review discusses recent advances in 3D bioprinting and the progress made for fabricating functional tissues, which have regenerative therapy applications. We cover the development of bioprinting methodologies, bioink composition and optimization, and incorporation of cellular and molecular signals for improving tissue function. An overview of the literature on key applications in skin, cartilage, bone and cardiovascular tissues is provided, including both preclinical achievements and clinical barriers/goals. In addition, we also talk about the contribution of bioprinted tissues for drug screening, disease modelling and personalized medicine. Regulatory and ethical aspects associated with the clinical translation of bioprinted tissues are also highlighted in this review. We present an up-to-date analysis of the recent literature (including studies from Nature, The Lancet, and BMC) as well as a data-rich viewpoint on 3D bioprinting to date in regenerative medicine.

Abstract Personalized medicine as a revolutionary in medicine provides medical services tailored to a person's molecular characteristics. In personalized medicine, the physician with the knowledge of information in the person’s molecular profile (omics) can prescribe an effective drug with minimal side effects and appropriate dose for changing lifestyle and diet to prevent and treat diseases.
Theoretically, the molecular profile of each individual could give some information about risk of diseases, the person responses to medications and the relationship between person molecular profile and certain traits, such as lactose intolerance and diet-specific adaptation.
In the past, it was impossible to confirm the presence or absence of mutations in an individual's genome, as the use of molecular techniques such as PCR was very time consuming and was associated with many limitations. On the other hand, many traits and diseases are multigenic and the consequence of interaction with environment. Furthermore mathematical models for measuring genetic risk were not developed.
In recent years, creation of individual genetic profile with determination of a person's genotype and all known mutations in a short time and at low cost became possible, due to advances in microarray technology, computer science and statistics.
In parallel with genomics, advances in other multidisciplinary sciences such as nanotechnology and systematic biology have facilitated the disease interactions at the cellular and molecular scale. Nanomedicine has provided the control of drug release profiles using design and fabrication of nanostructured devices, so it is hoped that by combining these information and examining their interactions, better contribution to human health will be achieved. In this review, we focused on nanotechnology applications and solutions that impact on personalized medicine and accelerate its progress and development.