Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Cancer is a catastrophic illness with a significant worldwide fatality rate, anticipated to rise in the next years. Contemporary treatment modalities, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, include constraints such as adverse effects, inconsistent efficacy, elevated expenses, and restricted accessibility. Bacteriophages have arisen as multifaceted instruments in bioengineering, with significant promise in tissue engineering, vaccine formulation, and immunotherapy. Bacteriophages are being used extensively in several fields of biotechnology and medicine, with cancer treatment being the most compelling application. Numerous studies are increasingly validating the effectiveness and safety of phage-based vectors as systemic delivery vehicles for therapeutic genes and medicines in cancer treatment. Moreover, the genetic composition of phages may be used for the creation of innovative DNA vaccines and antigen display systems, since they provide a highly structured and repeated presentation of antigens to immune cells. Bacteriophages have created novel opportunities for the precise targeting of certain molecular determinants in cancer cells. Phages may serve as anticancer agents and as carriers for imaging compounds and medicines. This article introduces bacteriophage and examines the performance of bacteriophages and bacteriophage engineering in targeted cancer treatment.

Abstract Chronic inflammation is a pivotal element in the onset and advancement of cancer. It is crucial in tumor initiation, survival, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. This study seeks to thoroughly examine the intricate relationship between inflammation and cancer, emphasizing the role of inflammatory processes in tumor formation and their influence on cancer therapy responses. We will investigate the molecular processes behind inflammation-induced cancer progression, analyze how inflammation affects metastasis, and assess its effects on the effectiveness of treatments like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Furthermore, we will investigate prospective therapeutic approaches for addressing inflammation in cancer treatment, emphasizing the necessity for specific modulation to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating adverse consequences such as immune suppression or heightened infection risk. The report finishes with a discussion on prospective research avenues focused on optimizing inflammation-targeting techniques to augment the efficacy of cancer therapies and better patient outcomes. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of inflammation’s dual role in cancer could pave the way for innovative, more personalized treatment strategies that improve survival and quality of life for patients.

Abstract Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a critical role in tumor invasion and metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study investigates the association of MMP2 (rs7201) and MMP9 (rs17576) polymorphisms with PTC risk and clinical characteristics, aiming to inform personalized medicine approaches.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted with 210 PTC patients and 210 controls. Genotype frequencies were analyzed using Chi-Square tests, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Associations with clinical characteristics (T Status, N Status, Stage) were assessed in PTC patients.
Results: The MMP2 rs7201 CC genotype was significantly associated with increased PTC risk (OR = 3.524, 95% CI = 1.809–6.867, p = 0.001) and advanced T Status (T3: 48.6%, p = 0.029), but not with N Status (p = 0.509) or Stage (p = 0.461). The C allele was more frequent in cases (44%) than controls (32%) (OR = 1.590, p = 0.001). Conversely, MMP9 rs17576 showed no association with PTC risk (GG: OR = 0.727, p = 0.277) or clinical characteristics (p > 0.05). Both polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls.
Conclusion: The MMP2 rs7201 CC genotype and C allele are associated with increased PTC risk and tumor progression, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for personalized risk stratification. These findings support genotype-based screening to identify high-risk PTC patients, enabling tailored surveillance and therapeutic strategies. Further studies are needed to validate these associations and explore their utility in precision medicine.

Abstract Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, affecting both men and women with a high mortality rate. The majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, contributing to its poor prognosis. Early detection is crucial but challenging due to the asymptomatic nature of early-stage disease. Identifying reliable tumor markers is vital for improving diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized oncology by offering detailed insights into the genetic makeup of lung cancer. NGS allows for comprehensive genomic profiling, even from small samples, identifying mutations, gene fusions, and copy number variations. This review explores the role of NGS panels in lung cancer's early detection, particularly within personalized medicine. NGS enables clinicians to detect actionable biomarkers, tailor treatments based on individual genomic profiles, and improve outcomes. Its ability to analyze multiple genes simultaneously makes it efficient in identifying therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, NGS processes large datasets quickly, promoting its adoption in clinical practice. By identifying genetic mutations driving tumor development, NGS supports more precise treatment approaches, improving clinical management and reducing mortality. Its cost-effectiveness, particularly in reducing the need for multiple tests, strengthens its position in oncology. As personalized medicine advances, NGS is expected to play a key role in lung cancer's diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, with ongoing technological improvements enhancing its clinical utility.

Abstract Lots of people are struggling with Kidney disease or cancer around the world. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are associated directionally and share risk factors. Because of the role of kidneys in detoxification, studying the relationship between cancer chemotherapy and kidney disorders is significant. This investigation fills the current gap between cancer occurrence and kidney problems.
CKD can induce RCC through a cystic disorder or oxidative stress. RCC also promotes CKD due to the tumor interactions, physical removal of kidney mass, and perioperative acute renal disease. Kidney failure also leads to renal cancer-specific pathways. For example, renal progenitors are converted to tumor-initiating cells through HIF, Notch, mTOR, and Hippo pathways. Furthermore, progress in cancer treatment during recent years has increased the overall survival of patients with advanced malignancies faced with early and late adverse effects from therapeutics. There are conflicting findings about the dosing of typical chemotherapeutics because of loss of kidney function. Recommended doses are usually according to expert opinion, not scientific evidence. This investigation has evaluated issues in cancer patients with kidney problems that can help patients by informing physicians about GFR loss and its effect on chemotherapy.
Keywords: kidney diseases, cancer, chemotherapy, CKD, AKI