https://www.pmjournal.ir/ Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal en daily 1 Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 01 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_732264.html Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long‐term disease that is frequently progressive and affects the central nervous system (CNS). This in turn breaks down the myelin sheath the protective covering around nerve fibers. Damage to myelin leads to a breakdown in nerve communication and can cause a number of neurological conditions. This study examines recent approaches towards increasing remyelination in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population as the protection of oligodendrocytes and promotion of remyelination are essential therapeutic goals. Materials and methods: A search was performed in national and international databases with the use of specific keywords. This search resulted in the identification of 235 articles, on “remyelination” and “multiple sclerosis”. Seventy articles were included in this review from 2000 up to 2020. These findings lead to the conclusion that already established immunomodulatory therapies have some benefits for reduction of myelin breakdown, but are rather poor at promoting remyelination, most notably in progressive MS.Controversially during the last years a change has been made towards compounds targeting (symptomatic) inflammation as well as remyelination. These interventions may optimize function and may promote axonal conduction. These strategies, including stem cell therapy, growth factors, small molecules and gene therapies hold promise in future treatment of MS. Not only are they trying to stop further loss of myelin, but also attempt to repair what damage has already been done. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_723301.html Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder characterized by immune dysregulation and multi-organ involvement. Central to its pathogenesis is the CD154/CD40 signaling axis, which orchestrates key immunological processes, including T-B cell collaboration, dendritic cell activation, and cytokine production. Recent findings have expanded the scope of CD154 beyond its classical receptor CD40, identifying integrins as alternative receptors, thus broadening its biological impact. These discoveries underline the complexity of CD154's role in SLE and its potential as a therapeutic target. First-generation CD154/CD40-targeted therapies showed promise but were hindered by thromboembolic complications. However, second-generation therapeutics, including monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and gene-editing technologies, exhibit improved safety and efficacy profiles. This review delves into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of CD154 in SLE, explores its emerging roles through integrin interactions, and evaluates the therapeutic advancements targeting this axis. The findings highlight CD154 as a central mediator in SLE pathogenesis and a compelling target for innovative treatment strategies. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_732267.html 3D bioprinting is a breakthrough fabrication technology in regenerative medicine It offers great promise for fabricating hierarchical and heterogeneous tissues and organs with similar architecture as those of the natural ones. This review discusses recent advances in 3D bioprinting and the progress made for fabricating functional tissues, which have regenerative therapy applications. We cover the development of bioprinting methodologies, bioink composition and optimization, and incorporation of cellular and molecular signals for improving tissue function. An overview of the literature on key applications in skin, cartilage, bone and cardiovascular tissues is provided, including both preclinical achievements and clinical barriers/goals. In addition, we also talk about the contribution of bioprinted tissues for drug screening, disease modelling and personalized medicine. Regulatory and ethical aspects associated with the clinical translation of bioprinted tissues are also highlighted in this review. We present an up-to-date analysis of the recent literature (including studies from Nature, The Lancet, and BMC) as well as a data-rich viewpoint on 3D bioprinting to date in regenerative medicine. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_723302.html Introduction: In this context, the use of medicinal plants as a natural and effective remedy for relieving Menstrual pain has been acknowledged in the western border region of Iran, serving as an alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. The aim of this study is to identify the medicinal plants employed in this region of Iran for the treatment of menstrual pain.Methodology: This review study employed keywords such as medicinal plants, Iran, menstrual pain, and the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Ilam, Khuzestan, and their cities, along with ethnobotany terms. Databases such as Google Scholar, SID, MegaIran, PubMed, and Scopus were utilized for article searches. Ethnobotanical articles related to the topic were selected for text review.Results: Based on the ethnobotanical review, it was identified that in the cities and provinces of the western border region of Iran, medicinal plants such as fennel, wild parsley, shepherd's purse, black cumin, thyme, dandelion, rue, safflower, myrtle, European hornbeam, Kurdistan pistachio, mint, marshmallow root, male orchid, yarrow, agrimony, nettle, bitter herb, verbena, horsetail, periwinkle, marigold, saffron, wild thyme, savory, rhubarb, and eastern chamomile are commonly used for managing, controlling, and treating menstrual pain. Notably, the highest diversity of plant species was observed in the regions of Behbahan, Khuzestan, and Zrewar, Kurdistan. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, and the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families presented the highest number of species, indicating the rich diversity of medicinal and traditional plant applications.Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that the local communities in the western border region of Iran possess extensive knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants for alleviating menstrual pain. Documenting and scientifically exploring this knowledge could lay the groundwork for the development of effective and natural herbal medicines in the domain of women’s health. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_732231.html Antibiotics are widely accessible. Nevertheless, food-borne bacteria exhibit a vast array of resistance. Utilizing natural ingredients like chitosan and chitosan-cefixime nanoparticles, which have potent antibacterial qualities, in conjunction with innovative technologies like chitosan loaded with antibiotics, the present research seeks to combat germs that are resistant to many drugs. Five strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were utilized to determine antibiotic resistance. The antibacterial properties of free cefixime and chitosan-cefixime nanoparticles were evaluated against strains of harmful bacteria. The findings demonstrated that E. coli O157:H7 comparatively had significant resistance to many antibiotics.On the other hand, c chitosan-cefixime nanoparticles showed strong antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7, but free cefixime did not demonstrate any inhibitory zone. When compared to strains 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of E. coli O157:H7, the inhibition zones of chitosan-cefixime nanoparticles were 23.3 mm, 19.8 mm, 16.9 mm, 18.2 mm, and 22.4 mm, respectively. According to the results, chitosan-cefixime nanoparticles have better antibacterial action against dangerous pathogens than free cefixime. Therefore, using chitosan-cefixime nanoparticles for food preservation could be suggested. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_717368.html Cancer is a catastrophic illness with a significant worldwide fatality rate, anticipated to rise in the next years. Contemporary treatment modalities, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, include constraints such as adverse effects, inconsistent efficacy, elevated expenses, and restricted accessibility. Bacteriophages have arisen as multifaceted instruments in bioengineering, with significant promise in tissue engineering, vaccine formulation, and immunotherapy. Bacteriophages are being used extensively in several fields of biotechnology and medicine, with cancer treatment being the most compelling application. Numerous studies are increasingly validating the effectiveness and safety of phage-based vectors as systemic delivery vehicles for therapeutic genes and medicines in cancer treatment. Moreover, the genetic composition of phages may be used for the creation of innovative DNA vaccines and antigen display systems, since they provide a highly structured and repeated presentation of antigens to immune cells. Bacteriophages have created novel opportunities for the precise targeting of certain molecular determinants in cancer cells. Phages may serve as anticancer agents and as carriers for imaging compounds and medicines. This article introduces bacteriophage and examines the performance of bacteriophages and bacteriophage engineering in targeted cancer treatment. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_732232.html Rheumatic inflammatory diseases, besides affecting joints and other bodily systems, are linked to heightened mortality and morbidity. Cardiovascular reasons are among the most prevalent mortality factors in individuals with these disorders, attributable to the disease's etiology and pathophysiology, chronic inflammation, and the pharmacological treatments employed. Although rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis, and gout exhibit distinct pathophysiology and symptoms, persistent inflammation remains their shared pathophysiological characteristic. Metabolic syndrome has recently been linked to several of these disorders. The investigation of metabolic syndrome in inflammatory rheumatic diseases is significant for multiple reasons, including its correlation with cardiovascular disease onset, the emergence of a pre-inflammatory condition, treatment selection, and associated monitoring. This review article initially explores the significance of metabolic syndrome in rheumatic diseases, followed by a detailed analysis of each condition individually. This study concludes, through a review of previous studies, that abdominal obesity in rheumatoid arthritis and lupus patients, abdominal obesity and hypertension in psoriatic arthritis patients, and hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension in gout are significant elements of metabolic syndrome warranting increased focus. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_720268.html Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a highly prevalent virus responsible for several types of cancers, including cervical, throat, and anogenital cancers. Early detection and diagnosis are crucial for preventing the progression of HPV-related diseases. In this study, we introduce a new approach based on Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) method to identify viral DNA, was designed for the conserved region of the L1 gene sequence in high-risk genotypes 16, 18, 31 and 33. In order to create suitable temperature conditions for the attachment and also to identify the fluorescent signal, real time PCR device was used. The results of the specificity test showed 100% specificity and the limit of detection level of the method was reported to be 1000 copies/µl of the virus in the sample. The results of clinical sensitivity in the range of 86-96% between deferent genotype and the rate of false negative results was in the range of 14-22%. Based on this, it can be said that maybe the developed method cannot be proposed as a suitable alternative, but due to the response time and lower cost, it can be proposed as a quick screening method. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_732230.html Chronic inflammation is a pivotal element in the onset and advancement of cancer. It is crucial in tumor initiation, survival, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. This study seeks to thoroughly examine the intricate relationship between inflammation and cancer, emphasizing the role of inflammatory processes in tumor formation and their influence on cancer therapy responses. We will investigate the molecular processes behind inflammation-induced cancer progression, analyze how inflammation affects metastasis, and assess its effects on the effectiveness of treatments like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies. Furthermore, we will investigate prospective therapeutic approaches for addressing inflammation in cancer treatment, emphasizing the necessity for specific modulation to enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating adverse consequences such as immune suppression or heightened infection risk. The report finishes with a discussion on prospective research avenues focused on optimizing inflammation-targeting techniques to augment the efficacy of cancer therapies and better patient outcomes. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of inflammation’s dual role in cancer could pave the way for innovative, more personalized treatment strategies that improve survival and quality of life for patients. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_735775.html Breast cancer is responsible for more than 2.3 million newly diagnosed cases each year, according to the statistics. A hormonal imbalance, which is defined by unregulated activity of estrogen and progesterone, is often the cause of this type of cancer. It has become easier to handle patients who have HR+ breast cancer, particularly in women who have both advanced and early-stage disease, as a result of the deployment of estrogen-blocking hormone treatment. The permissiveness of tamoxifen, which was the first selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) to be commercialized, made it possible for more hormonal therapies to be developed. The cornerstone of breast cancer treatment is comprised of aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDK) 4/6. These three types of drugs ultimately lead to improved patient outcomes. On the other hand, the inherent or acquired resistance of cancers to hormone therapy continues to be a serious cause for concern. Alterations in the genetic makeup of the tumor, as well as the activation of alternate pathways, make this situation even worse. The increasing development of molecular biology, precision medicine, and targeted therapies, on the other hand, is pointing to a new strategy for dealing with these problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate prospective treatment options and to shed light on the significant role that hormone therapy plays in the management of HR-positive breast cancer. https://www.pmjournal.ir/article_735776.html Background: Menopause comes along with a set of hormonal and physiological changes that can change cardiovascular responses during surgeries, along with altering pain perception. This research intends to analyze pain intensity during and after anesthesia and changes in hemodynamics in pre- and post-menopausal women during elective abdominal hysterectomy under general anesthesia. Methods: Elective surgery patients, in this case, were 88 in number, with each division having 44 patients (before menopause and after). Women in each group were defined as premenopausal (n=44) and postmenopausal (n=44) in equal proportion. Other metrics looked at were Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), also known as SpO₂. Patients’ heart rate and SpO₂ were checked during the surgery and after the surgery as well. Pain was assessed with the use of standardized scale methods, and participants were questioned on the pain felt during the post-operative period. Results: While the premenopause cohort showed lower fluctuations in sensitivity to changes in SBP, DBP, and HR during and after anesthesia, the Postmenopause cohort exhibited the opposite (p<0.05). In each group, the SpO₂ levels were maintained within normal limits and showed no significant group differences. In the postoperative period, the pain score was significantly higher in the postmenopausal group with lower pain tolerance and a higher requirement for analgesic treatment. Spoken demographics such as age, body mass index (BMI), and other associated conditions showed a moderating influence on the hemodynamic response and pain outcomes. Conclusion: Following menopause, diminished vascular adaptability, along with increased sympathetic tone and decreased central pain modulatory control due to lack of estrogen, might explain the instability of hemodynamics and increased postoperative pain. These observations could help in the formulation of appropriate anaesthetic techniques and postoperative pain relief policies in relation to the reproductive status of women.