Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1Department of Nanotechnology, Jabir Ibn Hayyan Institute, Technical and Vocational Training Organization, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Personalized medicine is the clinical treatment of diseases that is tailored to the physiologic, molecular genetics and lifestyle characteristics of the patient.
Personalized medicine can be considered as a new approach to face diseases and develop traditional methods for their diagnosis and treatment. This novel field of medicine has the potential of changing identification and management of health problems strategies. Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that affects the lungs of patients. This novel outbreak was first reported on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province of China, and it had many effects on people's lives all over the world in various economic, social and health fields until now. Since the start of the pandemic Covid-19, the World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern about the public health emergency. Although the disease has mild symptoms and similar to a common cold in most people, in some cases it can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ dysfunction, and even death. Therefore, due to the different effects of this disease in individuals and even families, the role of personalized medicine becomes more significant and sensitive. Considering the rapid spread and global crisis of Covid-19, recent research has focused more on the control and treatment of the virus. The main goal of this paper is the investigation of different effects of the virus on patients and study of the personalized medicine roles in the control and treatment of the disease.

Keywords

1.Liu, S., et al., Comparative epidemiology of human infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses among healthcare personnel. PloS one. 11(3): p. e0149988.
2.Pal, M., et al., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): an update. Cureus. 12(3).
3.Zhang, X., et al., Infection risk assessment of COVID-19 through aerosol transmission: a case study of South China seafood market. Environmental science & technology. 55(7): p. 4123-4133.
4.Yin, Y. and R.G. Wunderink, MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology, 2018. 23(2): p. 130-137.
5.Guo, Y.-R., et al., The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak–an update on the status. Military medical research, 2020. 7(1): p. 1-10.
6.Lu, G., Q. Wang, and G.F. Gao, Bat-to-human: spike features determining ‘host jump’of coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and beyond. Trends in microbiology, 2015. 23(8): p. 468-478.
7.Yang, X.-h., et al., Mice transgenic for human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 provide a model for SARS coronavirus infection. Comparative medicine, 2007. 57(5): p. 450-459.
8.Crackower, M.A., et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is an essential regulator of heart function. Nature, 2002. 417(6891): p. 822-828.
9.Danilczyk, U. and J.M. Penninger, Angiotensin-converting enzyme II in the heart and the kidney. Circulation research, 2006. 98(4): p. 463-471.
10.Ding, Y., et al., Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2004. 203(2): p. 622-630.
11.Gu, J., et al., Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. The Journal of experimental medicine, 2005. 202(3): p. 415-424.
12.Hamming, I., et al., Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. The Journal of Pathology: A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2004. 203(2): p. 631-637.
13.Hoffmann, M., et al., SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. cell, 2020. 181(2): p. 271-280. e8.
14.Shereen, M.A., et al., COVID-19 infection: Emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of advanced research, 2020. 24: p. 91-98.
15.Zhang, H., et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intensive care medicine, 2020. 46(4): p. 586-590.
16.Gerard, L., et al., Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and loss of alveolar type II cells in COVID-19–related acute respiratory distress syndrome. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2021. 204(9): p. 1024-1034.
17.Hohlfeld, J., H. Fabel, and H. Hamm, The role of pulmonary surfactant in obstructive airways disease. European Respiratory Journal, 1997. 10(2): p. 482-491.
18.Imai, Y., et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature, 2005. 436(7047): p. 112-116.
19.Kuba, K., et al., A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury. Nature medicine, 2005. 11(8): p. 875-879.
20.Xu, J., et al., Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses, 2020. 12(2): p. 244.
21.Khan, M., et al., COVID-19: a global challenge with old history, epidemiology and progress so far. Molecules, 2020. 26(1): p. 39.
22.Gao, Z., et al., A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 2021. 54(1): p. 12-16.
23.Ki, M., Epidemiologic characteristics of early cases with 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease in Korea. Epidemiology and health, 2020. 42.
24.Xu, H., et al., High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International journal of oral science, 2020. 12(1): p. 1-5.
25.Peng, X., et al., Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International journal of oral science, 2020. 12(1): p. 1-6.
26.Yüce, M., E. Filiztekin, and K.G. Özkaya, COVID-19 diagnosis—A review of current methods. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2021. 172: p. 112752.
27.Huang, C., et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, 2020. 395(10223): p. 497-506.
28.Mehta, P., et al., COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The lancet, 2020. 395(10229): p. 1033-1034.
29.Zou, X., et al., Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Frontiers of medicine, 2020. 14(2): p. 185-192.
30.Li, Q., et al., Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England journal of medicine, 2020.
31.Wang, D., et al., Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama, 2020. 323(11): p. 1061-1069.
32.Zhou, F., et al., Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet, 2020. 395(10229): p. 1054-1062.
33.Gomes, C., Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences, 2020. 2(3).
34.Visvikis-Siest, S., et al., Milestones in personalized medicine: from the ancient time to nowadays—the provocation of COVID-19. Frontiers in Genetics, 2020. 11: p. 569175.
35.Agyeman, A.A. and R. Ofori-Asenso, Perspective: Does personalized medicine hold the future for medicine? Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 2015. 7(3): p. 239.
36.Shi, Y., et al., COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses, 2020, Nature Publishing Group. p. 1451-1454.
37.Cascella, M., et al., Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). Statpearls [internet], 2022.
38.Ellinghaus, D., et al., June 2020. Genomewide association study of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med https://doi. org/10.1056/NEJMoa2020283.
39.Dopazo, J., et al., Implementing personalized medicine in COVID-19 in andalusia: An opportunity to transform the healthcare system. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 2021. 11(6): p. 475.
40.Zhou, A., et al., Is precision medicine relevant in the age of COVID-19? Genetics in Medicine, 2021. 23(6): p. 999-1000.
41.Al-Mozaini, M.A. and M.K. Mansour, Personalized medicine: Is it time for infectious diseases? Saudi Medical Journal, 2016. 37(12): p. 1309.
42.Bissonnette, L. and M.G. Bergeron, Infectious disease management through point-of-care personalized medicine molecular diagnostic technologies. Journal of personalized medicine, 2012. 2(2): p. 50-70.
43.Frueh, F.W., et al., Pharmacogenomic biomarker information in drug labels approved by the United States food and drug administration: prevalence of related drug use. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 2008. 28(8): p. 992-998.
44.Health, N.I.o., Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing. Enhancing the oversight of genetic tests: recommendations of the SACGT, 2000, 2016.