Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1 Biotechnology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, East-Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
10.22034/pmj.2023.702084
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, there still needs more clarity on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rheumatoid arthritis is a widespread but heterogeneous illness with a broad range in its history, clinical symptoms, and response to therapy. It is now known that prevention of joint destruction, functional impairment, and a poor disease prognosis depends on early, correct diagnosis and starting therapy with disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs), among which methotrexate (MTX) remains the gold standard in the treatment of RA. Early rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis is crucial since it enables a speedier start to primary therapy. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic research, which aid in identifying a patient’s genetic profile, may bring personalized treatment closer to reality. Identifying disease-specific genes while the organism’s resistance to them is still intact should be made feasible by further study into RA.
Keywords
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3.Moezi P, Kargar M, Doosti A, Khoshneviszadeh M. Multiplex touchdown PCR assay to enhance specificity and sensitivity for concurrent detection of four foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2019; 127(1), pp. 262-273.
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6.Doosti A, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Tajbakhsh E, Adeli A, Mahboudi F. Prevalence of viral hepatitis and molecular analysis of HBV among voluntary blood donors in west Iran. New Microbiologica, 2009; 32(2): 193-198.
7.Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:492–509. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
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13.Visser K, Katchamart W, Loza E, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate In rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists In the 3E. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1086–1093. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
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15.Ghajari G, Nabiuni M, Amini E. The association between testicular toxicity induced by Li2Co3 and protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum: Alteration of Bax & c-Kit genes expression. Tissue and Cell. 2021 Oct 1;72:101552.
16.Giannopoulou EG, Elemento O, Ivashkiv LB. Use of RNA sequencing to evaluate rheumatic disease patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:167. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
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21.Malik F, Ranganathan P. Methotrexate pharmacogenetics in rheumatoid arthritis: a status report. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14:305–314. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
22.Abdian N, Ghasemi-Dehkordi P, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Ganji-Arjenaki M, Doosti A, Amiri B. Comparison of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) growth rate in culture media supplemented with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Cell and Tissue Banking. 2015; 16 (4), 487-495.
23.Zhu H, Deng FY, Mo XB, et al. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics for rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to methotrexate treatment: the 2013 update. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15:551–566. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
24.Piri‐Gharaghie T, Beiranvand S, Riahi A, Shirin NJ, Badmasti F, Mirzaie A, Elahianfar Y, Ghahari S, Ghahari S, Pasban K, Hajrasouliha S. Fabrication and characterization of thymol‐loaded chitosan nanogels: improved antibacterial and anti‐biofilm activities with negligible cytotoxicity. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2022 Mar;19(3):e202100426.
25.Breedveld F. TNF antagonists opened the way to personalized medicine in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med. 2014;20:7–9. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
26.Yadollahi A, Ghajari G. Transgenic induction in Sesamum indicum with recombinant pBI121 expression construct containing CYP81Q1 and aroA genes using Agrobacterium tomfacensis. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 2022 Sep 23;14(3):223-42.
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29.Zhu Z, Zhang F, Hu H, et al. Integration of summary data from GWAS and eQTL studies predicts complex trait gene targets. Nat Genet. 2016;48:481–487. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
30.Kim TH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, et al. Gene expression profile predicting the response to anti-TNF treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; analysis of GEO datasets. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:325–330. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
31.Sanayama Y, Ikeda K, Saito Y, et al. Prediction of therapeutic responses to tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: biomarkers identified by analysis of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using genome-wide DNA microarray. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66:1421–1431. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
32.Hurd PJ, Nelson CJ. Advantages of next-generation sequencing versus the microarray in epigenetic research. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic. 2009;8:174–183. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
33.Souod N, Kargar M , Doosti A, Ranjbar R, Sarshar M. Genetic Analysis of cagA and vacA Genes in Helicobacter Pylori Isolates and Their Relationship with Gastroduodenal Diseases in the West of Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 2013; 15(5): 371-6.
34.Duroux-Richard I, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F. What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:11–20. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
35.Vicente R, Noël D, Pers YM, et al. Deregulation and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in arthritic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:211–220. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
36.Kargar M, Ghorbani-Dalini S, Doosti A, Souod N. Real-time PCR for Helicobacter pylori quantification and detection of clarithromyci resistance in gastric tissue from patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Research in Microbiology, 2012; 163: 109-113.
37.Benson RA, Patakas A, McQueenie R, et al. Arthritis in space and time – to boldly go! FEBS Letters. 2011;585:3640–3648. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
38.Richardson S, Isaacs J. Novel immunotherapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Med. 2013;13:391–394. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
39.Isaacs JD, Ferraccioli G. The need for personalised medicine for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:4–7. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
40.Abbasi P, Kargar M, Doosti A, Mardaneh J, Ghorbani-Dalini S, Dehyadegari MA. Characterization of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) using multiplex Real-Time PCR assays for stx1, stx2, eaeA. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 2014; 6(3): 169-174.
41.Verweij CL. Transcript profiling towards personalized medicine in rheumatoid arthritis. Neth J Med. 2009;67:364–371. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
42.Burska A, Boissinot M, Ponchel F. Cytokines as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:545493. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar)
43.Tak PP, Van der Lubbe PA, Cauli A et al. Reduction of synovial inflammation after anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:145765.
44.Tak PP. A personalized medicine approach to biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary treatment algorithm. Rheumatology. 2012 Apr 1;51(4):600-9.
45.Tao W, Concepcion AN, Vianen M, et al. Multiomics and machine learning accurately predict clinical response to adalimumab and etanercept therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021;73:212–22.doi:10.1002/art.41516pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32909363.
2.Vos K, Thurlings RM, Wijbrandts CA, van Schaardenburg D, Gerlag DM, Tak PP. Early effects of rituximab on the synovial cell infiltrate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:7728.
3.Moezi P, Kargar M, Doosti A, Khoshneviszadeh M. Multiplex touchdown PCR assay to enhance specificity and sensitivity for concurrent detection of four foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2019; 127(1), pp. 262-273.
4.Hamburg MA, Collins FS. The path to Personalized Medicine. N Engl J Med. 2010;10:1–4. (Google Scholar)
5.Kavanaugh A, Rosengren S, Lee SJ et al. Assessment of rituximab’s immunomodulatory synovial effects (ARISE trial). 1: clinical and synovial biomarker results. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:4028.
6.Doosti A, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Tajbakhsh E, Adeli A, Mahboudi F. Prevalence of viral hepatitis and molecular analysis of HBV among voluntary blood donors in west Iran. New Microbiologica, 2009; 32(2): 193-198.
7.Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2013 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:492–509. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
8.Burmaster G, Lanas A, Biasucci L, et al. The appropriate use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs In rheumatic disease: opinions of multidisciplinary European expert panel. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:818–822. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
9.Smolen JS, Landewé R, Breedveld FC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:631–637. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
10.Aviña-Zubieta JA, Abrahamowicz M, De Vera MA, et al. Immediate and past cumulative effects of oral glucocorticoids on the risk of acute myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatology. 2013;52:68–75. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
11.Whittle SL, Colebatch AN, Buchbinder R, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for pain management by pharmacotherapy in inflammatory arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e Initiative. Rheumatology. 2012;51:1416–1425. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
12.Piri-Gharaghie T. Polycystic ovary syndrome and genetic factors influencing its development: A review article. Personalized Medicine Journal. 2021 Dec 1;6(23):25-9.
13.Visser K, Katchamart W, Loza E, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the use of methotrexate In rheumatic disorders with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad international panel of rheumatologists In the 3E. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1086–1093. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
14.Piri-Gharaghie T, Doosti A, Mirzaei SA. Identification of antigenic properties of Acinetobacter baumannii proteins as novel putative vaccine candidates using reverse vaccinology approach. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2022 Oct;194(10):4892-914.
15.Ghajari G, Nabiuni M, Amini E. The association between testicular toxicity induced by Li2Co3 and protective effect of Ganoderma lucidum: Alteration of Bax & c-Kit genes expression. Tissue and Cell. 2021 Oct 1;72:101552.
16.Giannopoulou EG, Elemento O, Ivashkiv LB. Use of RNA sequencing to evaluate rheumatic disease patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:167. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
17.Mohan C, Assassi S. Biomarkers in rheumatic diseases: how can they facilitate diagnosis and assessment of disease activity? J BMJ. 2015;351:h5079. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
18.Goulielmos GN, Zervou MI, Myrthianou E, et al. Genetic data: The new challenge of personalized medicine, insights for rheumatoid arthritis patients. Gene. 2016;583:90–101. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
19.Zheng W, Rao S. Knowledge-based analysis of genetic associations of rheumatoid arthritis to inform studies searching for pleiotropic genes: a literature review and network analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:202.. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
20.Piri-Gharaghie T, Jegargoshe-Shirin N, Saremi-Nouri S, Khademhosseini SH, Hoseinnezhad-Lazarjani E, Mousavi A, Kabiri H, Rajaei N, Riahi A, Farhadi-Biregani A, Fatehi-Ghahfarokhi S. Effects of Imipenem-containing Niosome nanoparticles against high prevalence methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Epidermidis biofilm formed. Scientific reports. 2022 Mar 24;12(1):5140.
21.Malik F, Ranganathan P. Methotrexate pharmacogenetics in rheumatoid arthritis: a status report. Pharmacogenomics. 2013;14:305–314. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
22.Abdian N, Ghasemi-Dehkordi P, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Ganji-Arjenaki M, Doosti A, Amiri B. Comparison of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) growth rate in culture media supplemented with or without basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Cell and Tissue Banking. 2015; 16 (4), 487-495.
23.Zhu H, Deng FY, Mo XB, et al. Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics for rheumatoid arthritis responsiveness to methotrexate treatment: the 2013 update. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15:551–566. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
24.Piri‐Gharaghie T, Beiranvand S, Riahi A, Shirin NJ, Badmasti F, Mirzaie A, Elahianfar Y, Ghahari S, Ghahari S, Pasban K, Hajrasouliha S. Fabrication and characterization of thymol‐loaded chitosan nanogels: improved antibacterial and anti‐biofilm activities with negligible cytotoxicity. Chemistry & biodiversity. 2022 Mar;19(3):e202100426.
25.Breedveld F. TNF antagonists opened the way to personalized medicine in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med. 2014;20:7–9. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
26.Yadollahi A, Ghajari G. Transgenic induction in Sesamum indicum with recombinant pBI121 expression construct containing CYP81Q1 and aroA genes using Agrobacterium tomfacensis. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 2022 Sep 23;14(3):223-42.
27.Naranbhai V, Fairfax BP, Makino S, et al. Genomic modulators of gene expression in human neutrophils. Nat Commun. 2015;6:7545. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
28.Ghasemi-Dehkordi P, Allahbakhshian-Farsani M, Abdian N, Mirzaeian A, Saffari-Chaleshtori J, Heybati F, Mardani G, Karimi-Taghanaki A, Doosti A, Jami MS, Abolhasani M, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M. Comparison between the cultures of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on feeder-and serum-free system (Matrigel matrix), MEF and HDF feeder cell lines. Journal of cell communication and signaling, 2015; 9(3):233-246.
29.Zhu Z, Zhang F, Hu H, et al. Integration of summary data from GWAS and eQTL studies predicts complex trait gene targets. Nat Genet. 2016;48:481–487. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
30.Kim TH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, et al. Gene expression profile predicting the response to anti-TNF treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; analysis of GEO datasets. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81:325–330. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
31.Sanayama Y, Ikeda K, Saito Y, et al. Prediction of therapeutic responses to tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: biomarkers identified by analysis of gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using genome-wide DNA microarray. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66:1421–1431. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
32.Hurd PJ, Nelson CJ. Advantages of next-generation sequencing versus the microarray in epigenetic research. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic. 2009;8:174–183. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
33.Souod N, Kargar M , Doosti A, Ranjbar R, Sarshar M. Genetic Analysis of cagA and vacA Genes in Helicobacter Pylori Isolates and Their Relationship with Gastroduodenal Diseases in the West of Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 2013; 15(5): 371-6.
34.Duroux-Richard I, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F. What do microRNAs mean for rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:11–20. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
35.Vicente R, Noël D, Pers YM, et al. Deregulation and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in arthritic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2016;12:211–220. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
36.Kargar M, Ghorbani-Dalini S, Doosti A, Souod N. Real-time PCR for Helicobacter pylori quantification and detection of clarithromyci resistance in gastric tissue from patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Research in Microbiology, 2012; 163: 109-113.
37.Benson RA, Patakas A, McQueenie R, et al. Arthritis in space and time – to boldly go! FEBS Letters. 2011;585:3640–3648. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
38.Richardson S, Isaacs J. Novel immunotherapies for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Med. 2013;13:391–394. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
39.Isaacs JD, Ferraccioli G. The need for personalised medicine for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:4–7. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
40.Abbasi P, Kargar M, Doosti A, Mardaneh J, Ghorbani-Dalini S, Dehyadegari MA. Characterization of Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) using multiplex Real-Time PCR assays for stx1, stx2, eaeA. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 2014; 6(3): 169-174.
41.Verweij CL. Transcript profiling towards personalized medicine in rheumatoid arthritis. Neth J Med. 2009;67:364–371. (PubMed) (Google Scholar).
42.Burska A, Boissinot M, Ponchel F. Cytokines as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:545493. (PMC free article) (PubMed) (Google Scholar)
43.Tak PP, Van der Lubbe PA, Cauli A et al. Reduction of synovial inflammation after anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:145765.
44.Tak PP. A personalized medicine approach to biologic treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary treatment algorithm. Rheumatology. 2012 Apr 1;51(4):600-9.
45.Tao W, Concepcion AN, Vianen M, et al. Multiomics and machine learning accurately predict clinical response to adalimumab and etanercept therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021;73:212–22.doi:10.1002/art.41516pmid:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32909363.
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