1.Morriss WW, Roques CJ. Pain management in low- and middle-income countries. BJA education. 2018;18(9):265-70.
2.Anselmo A, Pagano M, Cappadona I, Cardile D, Russo F, Laudisio A, et al. A Systematic Review on the Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients with LBP: The Impact of Chronic Pain on Quality of Life. Journal of clinical medicine. 2024;13(20).
3.Cao B, Xu Q, Shi Y, Zhao R, Li H, Zheng J, et al. Pathology of pain and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2024;9(1):155.
4.Baryakova TH, Pogostin BH, Langer R, McHugh KJ. Overcoming barriers to patient adherence: the case for developing innovative drug delivery systems. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2023;22(5):387-409.
5.Krzyszczyk P, Acevedo A, Davidoff EJ, Timmins LM, Marrero-Berrios I, Patel M, et al. The growing role of precision and personalized medicine for cancer treatment. 2018;06(03n04):79-100.
6.Wang RC, Wang Z. Precision Medicine: Disease Subtyping and Tailored Treatment. Cancers [Internet]. 2023; 15(15).
7.Kringel D, Lötsch J. Knowledge of the genetics of human pain gained over the last decade from next-generation sequencing. Pharmacological Research. 2025;214:107667.
8.Tonti E, Dell’Omo R, Filippelli M, Spadea L, Salati C, Gagliano C, et al. Exploring Epigenetic Modifications as Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Glaucoma. International journal of molecular sciences. 2024;25(5).
9.Vitorino R. Navigating the omics landscape in precision medicine: A bidirectional approach to patient care. Oral Oncology Reports. 2024;12:100660.
10.Erdmann A, Rehmann-Sutter C, Bozzaro C. Patients’ and professionals’ views related to ethical issues in precision medicine: a mixed research synthesis. BMC Medical Ethics. 2021;22(1):116.
11.Young EE, Lariviere WR, Belfer I. Genetic basis of pain variability: recent advances. Journal of medical genetics. 2012;49(1):1-9.
12.El-Boghdadly K, Levy NA, Fawcett WJ, Knaggs RD, Laycock H, Baird E, et al. Peri-operative pain management in adults: a multidisciplinary consensus statement from the Association of Anaesthetists and the British Pain Society. 2024;79(11):1220-36.
13.Warner SC, van Meurs JBJ, Schiphof D, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, et al. Genome-wide association scan of neuropathic pain symptoms post total joint replacement highlights a variant in the protein-kinase C gene. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2017;25(4):446-51.
14.Rakvåg TT, Klepstad P, Baar C, Kvam TM, Dale O, Kaasa S, et al. The Val158Met polymorphism of the human catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene may influence morphine requirements in cancer pain patients. Pain. 2005;116(1-2):73-8.
15.Menon S, Lea RA, Roy B, Hanna M, Wee S, Haupt LM, et al. The human μ-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (A118G) is associated with head pain severity in a clinical cohort of female migraine with aura patients. The Journal of Headache and Pain. 2012;13(7):513-9.
16.Dormer A, Narayanan M, Schentag J, Achinko D, Norman E, Kerrigan J, et al. A Review of the Therapeutic Targeting of SCN9A and Nav1.7 for Pain Relief in Current Human Clinical Trials. Journal of pain research. 2023;16:1487-98.
17.Leźnicka K, Pawlak M, Sawczuk M, Gasiorowska A, Leońska-Duniec A. SCN9A rs6746030 Polymorphism and Pain Perception in Combat Athletes and Non-Athletes. 2023;14(3):733.
18.Světlík S, Hronová K, Bakhouche H, Matoušková O, Slanař O. Pharmacogenetics of chronic pain and its treatment. Mediators of inflammation. 2013;2013:864319.
19.Kapur BM, Lala PK, Shaw JLV. Pharmacogenetics of chronic pain management. Clinical Biochemistry. 2014;47(13):1169-87.
20.Scherer D, Koepl LM, Poole EM, Balavarca Y, Xiao L, Baron JA, et al. Genetic variation in UGT genes modify the associations of NSAIDs with risk of colorectal cancer: colon cancer family registry. Genes, chromosomes & cancer. 2014;53(7):568-78.
21.Marcianò G, Vocca C, Evangelista M, Palleria C, Muraca L, Galati C, et al. The Pharmacological Treatment of Chronic Pain: From Guidelines to Daily Clinical Practice. Pharmaceutics [Internet]. 2023; 15(4).
22.Kaye AD, Garcia AJ, Hall OM, Jeha GM, Cramer KD, Granier AL, et al. Update on the pharmacogenomics of pain management. Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine. 2019;12:125-43.
23.Wake DT, Smith DM, Kazi S, Dunnenberger HM. Pharmacogenomic Clinical Decision Support: A Review, How-to Guide, and Future Vision. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2022;112(1):44-57.
24.Badr Y, Abdul Kader L, Shamayleh A. The Use of Big Data in Personalized Healthcare to Reduce Inventory Waste and Optimize Patient Treatment. Journal of personalized medicine. 2024;14(4).
25.Driscoll MA, Edwards RR, Becker WC, Kaptchuk TJ, Kerns RD. Psychological Interventions for the Treatment of Chronic Pain in Adults. 2021;22(2):52-95.
26.Tracey I, Woolf CJ, Andrews NA. Composite Pain Biomarker Signatures for Objective Assessment and Effective Treatment. Neuron. 2019;101(5):783-800.
27.Forte G, Favieri F, De Pascalis V, Casagrande M. To Be in Pain: Pain Multidimensional Questionnaire as Reliable Tool to Evaluate Multifaceted Aspects of Pain. Journal of clinical medicine. 2024;13(19).
28.El-Tallawy SN, Pergolizzi JV, Vasiliu-Feltes I, Ahmed RS, LeQuang JK, El-Tallawy HN, et al. Incorporation of “Artificial Intelligence” for Objective Pain Assessment: A Comprehensive Review. Pain and Therapy. 2024;13(3):293-317.
29.Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain. 1975;1(3):277-99.
30.S UJ, J CM, M EK, T LP, G SA, K JF. Measurement Properties of the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) and the Revised Short McGill Pain Questionnaire-Version-2 (SF-MPQ-2) in Pain-related Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review Protocol. The archives of bone and joint surgery. 2020;8(2):131-41.
31.Kumar SP. Utilization of brief pain inventory as an assessment tool for pain in patients with cancer: a focused review. Indian journal of palliative care. 2011;17(2):108-15.
32.Fillingim RB, Loeser JD, Baron R, Edwards RR. Assessment of Chronic Pain: Domains, Methods, and Mechanisms. The journal of pain. 2016;17(9 Suppl):T10-20.
33.Taimeh D, Ni Riordain R, Fedele S, Leeson R. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Used in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Review of the Literature. Journal of oral & facial pain and headache. 2023;37(2):113-29.
34.Carrillo-de-la-Peña MT, González-Villar A, Triñanes Y. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on chronic pain in Spain: a scoping review. Pain reports. 2021;6(1):e899.
35.Vickery S, Junker F, Döding R, Belavy DL, Angelova M, Karmakar C, et al. Integrating multidimensional data analytics for precision diagnosis of chronic low back pain. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):9675.
36.Bushnell MC, Ceko M, Low LA. Cognitive and emotional control of pain and its disruption in chronic pain. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2013;14(7):502-11.
37.Newman AK, Morais CA, Van Dyke BP, Thorn BE. An Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Pain Concepts Questionnaire in a Low-SES Setting. The journal of pain. 2021;22(1):57-67.
38.Adelmanesh F, Arvantaj A, Rashki H, Ketabchi S, Montazeri A, Raissi G. Results from the translation and adaptation of the Iranian Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (I-SF-MPQ): preliminary evidence of its reliability, construct validity and sensitivity in an Iranian pain population. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy & Technology. 2011;3(1):27.
39.Hand BN, Velozo CA, Krause JS. Measuring the interference of pain on daily life in persons with spinal cord injury: A Rasch-validated subset of items from the Brief Pain Inventory interference scale. Australian occupational therapy journal. 2018;65(5):405-11.
40.Martinez-Calderon J, Zamora-Campos C, Navarro-Ledesma S, Luque-Suarez A. The Role of Self-Efficacy on the Prognosis of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review. The journal of pain. 2018;19(1):10-34.
41.Wolfensberger A, Vuistiner P, Konzelmann M, Plomb-Holmes C, Léger B, Luthi F. Clinician and Patient-reported Outcomes Are Associated With Psychological Factors in Patients With Chronic Shoulder Pain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 2016;474(9):2030-9.
42.Gerdle B, Dragioti E, Rivano Fischer M, Ringqvist Å. Pain intensity and psychological distress show different associations with interference and lack of life control: A clinical registry-based cohort study of >40,000 chronic pain patients from SQRP. 2023;Volume 4 - 2023.
43.Katz RA, Graham SS, Buchman DZ. The need for epistemic humility in AI-assisted pain assessment. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 2025;28(2):339-49.
44. Wideman TH, Edwards RR, Walton DM, Martel MO, Hudon A, Seminowicz DA. The Multimodal Assessment Model of Pain: A Novel Framework for Further Integrating the Subjective Pain Experience Within Research and Practice. The Clinical journal of pain. 2019;35(3):212-21.
45.Rigoard P, Ounajim A, Moens M, Goudman L, Roulaud M, Naiditch N, et al. A digital tool for multidimensional assessment and prediction of treatment effectiveness in chronic pain management. iScience. 2024;27(12):111200.
46.Beiner E, Baumeister D, Buhai D, Löffler M, Löffler A, Schick A, et al. The PerPAIN trial: a pilot randomized controlled trial of personalized treatment allocation for chronic musculoskeletal pain—a protocol. Pilot and Feasibility Studies. 2022;8(1):251.
47.Morton DL, Sandhu JS, Jones AK. Brain imaging of pain: state of the art. Journal of pain research. 2016;9:613-24.
48.Crosson B, Ford A, McGregor KM, Meinzer M, Cheshkov S, Li X, et al. Functional imaging and related techniques: an introduction for rehabilitation researchers. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2010;47(2):vii-xxxiv.
49.Fan N, Chen J, Zhao B, Liu L, Yang W, Chen X, et al. Neural correlates of central pain sensitization in chronic low back pain: a resting-state fMRI study. Neuroradiology. 2023;65(12):1767-76.
50.Adamu A, Li S, Gao F, Xue G. The role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases: current understanding and future therapeutic targets. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2024;16:1347987.
51.Pérez Vertti Valdés M, Jüngel A, Bitterli P, Devan J, Rehrauer H, Opitz L, et al. Identification of two biological subgroups of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 by transcriptomic profiling of skin and blood in women. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass). 2025;31(1):94.
52.Cowen R, Stasiowska MK, Laycock H, Bantel C. Assessing pain objectively: the use of physiological markers. 2015;70(7):828-47.
53.Nijs J, Meeus M, Versijpt J, Moens M, Bos I, Knaepen K, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a driving force behind neuroplasticity in neuropathic and central sensitization pain: a new therapeutic target? Expert opinion on therapeutic targets. 2015;19(4):565-76.
54.Thakkar B, Acevedo EO. BDNF as a biomarker for neuropathic pain: Consideration of mechanisms of action and associated measurement challenges. Brain and behavior. 2023;13(3):e2903.
55.Tsigos C, Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2002;53(4):865-71.
56.Timmers I, Quaedflieg C, Hsu C, Heathcote LC, Rovnaghi CR, Simons LE. The interaction between stress and chronic pain through the lens of threat learning. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2019;107:641-55.
57.Vitorino R. Transforming Clinical Research: The Power of High-Throughput Omics Integration. Proteomes. 2024;12(3).
58.Diatchenko L, Parisien M, Jahangiri Esfahani S, Mogil JS. Omics approaches to discover pathophysiological pathways contributing to human pain. Pain. 2022;163(Suppl 1):S69-s78.
59.Asimakopoulos T, Tsaroucha A, Kouri M, Pasqualucci A, Varrassi G, Leoni MLG, et al. The Role of Biomarkers in Acute Pain: A Narrative Review. Pain and Therapy. 2025;14(3):775-89.
60.Landmark L, Sunde HF, Fors EA, Kennair LEO, Sayadian A, Backelin C, et al. Associations between pain intensity, psychosocial factors, and pain-related disability in 4285 patients with chronic pain. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):13477.
61.Ghio D, Peters S. The value of social relationships in the biopsychosocial model of pain. British journal of pain. 2024:20494637241297274.
62.Nawai A, Foust JB, Shi L, You T, Leveille SG. Is pain catastrophizing associated with poor mobility performance and falls in older adults? Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2020;91:104219.
63.Curtiss JE, Levine DS, Ander I, Baker AW. Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments for Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders. Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing). 2021;19(2):184-9.
64.Denk F, Huang W, Sidders B, Bithell A, Crow M, Grist J, et al. HDAC inhibitors attenuate the development of hypersensitivity in models of neuropathic pain. Pain. 2013;154(9):1668-79.
65.Hutchings CJ, Colussi P, Clark TG. Ion channels as therapeutic antibody targets. mAbs. 2019;11(2):265-96.
66.Ezike TC, Okpala US, Onoja UL, Nwike CP, Ezeako EC, Okpara OJ, et al. Advances in drug delivery systems, challenges and future directions. Heliyon. 2023;9(6):e17488.
67.Priya S, Singhvi G. Microneedles-based drug delivery strategies: A breakthrough approach for the management of pain. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2022;155:113717.
68.Mauceri D. Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Chronic Pain. Cells. 2022;11(16).
69.Hebbel RP, Vercellotti GM, Pace BS, Solovey AN, Kollander R, Abanonu CF, et al. The HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid exhibit multiple modalities of benefit for the vascular pathobiology of sickle transgenic mice. Blood. 2010;115(12):2483-90.
70.Jayakar S, Shim J, Jo S, Bean BP, Singeç I, Woolf CJ. Developing nociceptor-selective treatments for acute and chronic pain. Science translational medicine. 2021;13(619):eabj9837.
71.Lin J, Chen S, Butt UD, Yan M, Wu B. A comprehensive review on ziconotide. Heliyon. 2024;10(10):e31105.
72.Patapoutian A, Tate S, Woolf CJ. Transient receptor potential channels: targeting pain at the source. Nature reviews Drug discovery. 2009;8(1):55-68.
73.Xiao W, Jiang W, Chen Z, Huang Y, Mao J, Zheng W, et al. Advance in peptide-based drug development: delivery platforms, therapeutics and vaccines. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2025;10(1):74.
74.Lacagnina MJ, Heijnen CJ, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Autoimmune regulation of chronic pain. Pain reports. 2021;6(1):e905.
75.Patel S, Wadhwa M. Therapeutic use of specific tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in inflammatory diseases including COVID-19. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;140:111785.
76.Sánchez-Robles EM, Girón R, Paniagua N, Rodríguez-Rivera C, Pascual D, Goicoechea C. Monoclonal Antibodies for Chronic Pain Treatment: Present and Future. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(19).
77.Skalko-Basnet N. Biologics: the role of delivery systems in improved therapy. Biologics : targets & therapy. 2014;8:107-14.
78.Wu Y, Xie L. AI-driven multi-omics integration for multi-scale predictive modeling of genotype-environment-phenotype relationships. Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 2025;27:265-77.
79.Glaab E, Rauschenberger A, Banzi R, Gerardi C, Garcia P, Demotes J. Biomarker discovery studies for patient stratification using machine learning analysis of omics data: a scoping review. BMJ open. 2021;11(12):e053674.
80.Mennella C, Maniscalco U, De Pietro G, Esposito M. Ethical and regulatory challenges of AI technologies in healthcare: A narrative review. Heliyon. 2024;10(4):e26297.
81.Shajari S, Kuruvinashetti K, Komeili A, Sundararaj U. The Emergence of AI-Based Wearable Sensors for Digital Health Technology: A Review. 2023;23(23):9498.