1.Tripathi S, Sharma Y, Kumar D. Unveiling the link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Metabolism Open. 2025;25:100347.
2.Greten FR, Grivennikov SI. Inflammation and Cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Consequences. Immunity. 2019;51(1):27-41.
3.Xie Y, Liu F, Wu Y, Zhu Y, Jiang Y, Wu Q, et al. Inflammation in cancer: therapeutic opportunities from new insights. Molecular Cancer. 2025;24(1):51.
4.Pęczek P, Gajda M, Rutkowski K, Fudalej M, Deptała A, Badowska-Kozakiewicz AM. Cancer-associated inflammation: pathophysiology and clinical significance. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology. 2023;149(6):2657-72.
5.Zhao H, Wu L, Yan G, Chen Y, Zhou M, Wu Y, et al. Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2021;6(1):263.
6.Hibino S, Kawazoe T, Kasahara H, Itoh S, Ishimoto T, Sakata-Yanagimoto M, et al. Inflammation-Induced Tumorigenesis and Metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2021; 22(11).
7.Nishida A, Andoh A. The Role of Inflammation in Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis. Cells. 2025;14(7).
8.Zhang S, Xiao X, Yi Y, Wang X, Zhu L, Shen Y, et al. Tumor initiation and early tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and interventional targets. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):149.
9.Hirano T. IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer. International immunology. 2021;33(3):127-48.
10.Joshi DC, Sharma A, Prasad S, Singh K, Kumar M, Sherawat K, et al. Novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials: emerging approaches in cancer therapy. Discover oncology. 2024;15(1):342.
11.Li Z, Li J, Bai X, Huang X, Wang Q. Tumor microenvironment as a complex milieu driving cancer progression: a mini review. Clinical and Translational Oncology. 2025;27(5):1943-52.
12.Wang D-R, Wu X-L, Sun Y-L. Therapeutic targets and biomarkers of tumor immunotherapy: response versus non-response. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2022;7(1):331.
13.Liu Y, Liang J, Zhang Y, Guo Q. Drug resistance and tumor immune microenvironment: An overview of current understandings (Review). International journal of oncology. 2024;65(4).
14.Liu J, Jiao X, Ma D, Fang Y, Gao Q. CAR-T therapy and targeted treatments: Emerging combination strategies in solid tumors. Med. 2024;5(6):530-49.
15.Albini A, Di Paola L, Mei G, Baci D, Fusco N, Corso G, et al. Inflammation and cancer cell survival: TRAF2 as a key player. Cell Death & Disease. 2025;16(1):292.
16.Capece D, Verzella D, Flati I, Arboretto P, Cornice J, Franzoso G. NF-κB: blending metabolism, immunity, and inflammation. Trends in Immunology. 2022;43(9):757-75.
17.Guo Q, Jin Y, Chen X, Ye X, Shen X, Lin M, et al. NF-κB in biology and targeted therapy: new insights and translational implications. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):53.
18.Lv Y, Chen C, Han M, Tian C, Song F, Feng S, et al. CXCL2: a key player in the tumor microenvironment and inflammatory diseases. Cancer cell international. 2025;25(1):133.
19.Nishida A, Andoh A. The Role of Inflammation in Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Metastasis. Cells [Internet]. 2025; 14(7).
20.Naghavi M, Mestrovic T, Gray A, Gershberg Hayoon A, Swetschinski LR, Robles Aguilar G, et al. Global burden associated with 85 pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2024;24(8):868-95.
21.Yu Y, Liu S, Yang L, Song P, Liu Z, Liu X, et al. Roles of reactive oxygen species in inflammation and cancer. MedComm. 2024;5(4):e519.
22.Chan H-W, Kuo D-Y, Shueng P-W, Chuang H-Y. Visualizing the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Imaging Probes Target Extracellular Matrix, Vascular Networks, and Immunosuppressive Cells. Pharmaceuticals [Internet]. 2024; 17(12).
23.Zhao Y, Shen M, Wu L, Yang H, Yao Y, Yang Q, et al. Stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment: accomplices of tumor progression? Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(9):587.
24.Liu Z, Chen J, Ren Y, Liu S, Ba Y, Zuo A, et al. Multi-stage mechanisms of tumor metastasis and therapeutic strategies. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):270.
25.Huang R, Kang T, Chen S. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immune evasion. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology. 2024;150(5):238.
26.Ghalehbandi S, Yuzugulen J, Pranjol MZI, Pourgholami MH. The role of VEGF in cancer-induced angiogenesis and research progress of drugs targeting VEGF. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2023;949:175586.
27.Ji ZZ, Chan MK, Chan AS, Leung KT, Jiang X, To KF, et al. Tumour-associated macrophages: versatile players in the tumour microenvironment. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology. 2023;11:1261749.
28.Xiong S, Dong L, Cheng L. Neutrophils in cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis. Journal of hematology & oncology. 2021;14(1):173.
29.Tsioumpekou M, Krijgsman D, Leusen JHW, Olofsen PA. The Role of Cytokines in Neutrophil Development, Tissue Homing, Function and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Cells. 2023;12(15).
30.Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Garg K, Deora H, Umana GE, Palmisciano P, et al. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in stroke and cancer. Brain Disorders. 2022;5:100029.
31.Zhao Y, Ye X, Xiong Z, Ihsan A, Ares I, Martínez M, et al. Cancer Metabolism: The Role of ROS in DNA Damage and Induction of Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Metabolites. 2023;13(7).
32.Zhou X, An B, Lin Y, Ni Y, Zhao X, Liang X. Molecular mechanisms of ROS-modulated cancer chemoresistance and therapeutic strategies. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;165:115036.
33.Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, et al. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2023;8(1):207.
34.Haddadin L, Sun X. Stem Cells in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Cells [Internet]. 2025; 14(7).
35.Zhu Q, Zhang R, Zhao Z, Xie T, Sui X. Harnessing phytochemicals: Innovative strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Drug Resistance Updates. 2025;79:101206.
36.Pote MS, Singh D, M. A A, Suchita J, Gacche RN. Cancer metastases: Tailoring the targets. Heliyon. 2024;10(15):e35369.
37.Yi M, Li T, Niu M, Zhang H, Wu Y, Wu K, et al. Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):176.
38.Ribatti D, Tamma R, Annese T. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer: A Historical Overview. Translational Oncology. 2020;13(6):100773.
39.Giblin MJ, Ontko CD, Penn JS. Effect of cytokine-induced alterations in extracellular matrix composition on diabetic retinopathy-relevant endothelial cell behaviors. Scientific reports. 2022;12(1):12955.
40.Pan C, Wang X, Yang C, Fu K, Wang F, Fu L. The culture and application of circulating tumor cell-derived organoids. Trends in Cell Biology. 2025;35(5):364-80.
41.Beheshtizadeh N, Gharibshahian M, Bayati M, Maleki R, Strachan H, Doughty S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) delivery approaches in regenerative medicine. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;166:115301.
42.Winkler J, Abisoye-Ogunniyan A, Metcalf KJ, Werb Z. Concepts of extracellular matrix remodelling in tumour progression and metastasis. Nature Communications. 2020;11(1):5120.
43.Liu Z-L, Chen H-H, Zheng L-L, Sun L-P, Shi L. Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2023;8(1):198.
44.El-Tanani M, Rabbani SA, Babiker R, Rangraze I, Kapre S, Palakurthi SS, et al. Unraveling the tumor microenvironment: Insights into cancer metastasis and therapeutic strategies. Cancer Letters. 2024;591:216894.
45.Behranvand N, Nasri F, Zolfaghari Emameh R, Khani P, Hosseini A, Garssen J, et al. Chemotherapy: a double-edged sword in cancer treatment. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2022;71(3):507-26.
46.Luo H, Liu L, Liu X, Xie Y, Huang X, Yang M, et al. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) promotes DNA damage-resistance in lung cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16(1):274.
47.Zhao Z, Li T, Sun L, Yuan Y, Zhu Y. Potential mechanisms of cancer-associated fibroblasts in therapeutic resistance. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;166:115425.
48.Sipos F, Műzes G. Cancer Stem Cell Relationship with Pro-Tumoral Inflammatory Microenvironment. Biomedicines. 2023;11(1).
49.Ghemrawi R, Abuamer L, Kremesh S, Hussien G, Ahmed R, Mousa W, et al. Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Recent Advances in Immunotherapy. Biomedicines. 2024;12(9).
50.Cha JH, Chan LC, Li CW, Hsu JL, Hung MC. Mechanisms Controlling PD-L1 Expression in Cancer. Molecular cell. 2019;76(3):359-70.
51.Waldman AD, Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. A guide to cancer immunotherapy: from T cell basic science to clinical practice. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2020;20(11):651-68.
52.Hu A, Sun L, Lin H, Liao Y, Yang H, Mao Y. Harnessing innate immune pathways for therapeutic advancement in cancer. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):68.
53.Di Spirito A, Balkhi S, Vivona V, Mortara L. Key immune cells and their crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment of bladder cancer: insights for innovative therapies. Exploration of targeted anti-tumor therapy. 2025;6:1002304.
54.Yu H, Li J, Peng S, Liu Q, Chen D, He Z, et al. Tumor microenvironment: Nurturing cancer cells for immunoevasion and druggable vulnerabilities for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Letters. 2025;611:217385.
55.Mai Z, Lin Y, Lin P, Zhao X, Cui L. Modulating extracellular matrix stiffness: a strategic approach to boost cancer immunotherapy. Cell Death & Disease. 2024;15(5):307.
56.Birnboim-Perach R, Benhar I. Using Combination therapy to overcome diverse challenges of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors treatment. International journal of biological sciences. 2024;20(10):3911-22.
57.Hou J, Karin M, Sun B. Targeting cancer-promoting inflammation - have anti-inflammatory therapies come of age? Nature reviews Clinical oncology. 2021;18(5):261-79.
58.Stanilov N, Velikova T, Stanilova S. Navigating the Cytokine Seas: Targeting Cytokine Signaling Pathways in Cancer Therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2024; 25(2).
59.Wu B, Zhang B, Li B, Wu H, Jiang M. Cold and hot tumors: from molecular mechanisms to targeted therapy. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):274.
60.Almawash S. Revolutionary Cancer Therapy for Personalization and Improved Efficacy: Strategies to Overcome Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Cancers. 2025;17(5).
61.Qu X, Tang Y, Hua S. Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk. 2018;Volume 9 - 2018.
62.Zhang A, Fan T, Liu Y, Yu G, Li C, Jiang Z. Regulatory T cells in immune checkpoint blockade antitumor therapy. Molecular Cancer. 2024;23(1):251.
63.Li C, Yu X, Han X, Lian C, Wang Z, Shao S, et al. Innate immune cells in tumor microenvironment: A new frontier in cancer immunotherapy. iScience. 2024;27(9):110750.
64.Zappavigna S, Cossu AM, Grimaldi A, Bocchetti M, Ferraro GA, Nicoletti GF, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7).
65.Shukla S, Shukla AK, Ray N, Upadhyay AM, Fahad FI, Dutta SD, et al. Targeting Pathways and Mechanisms in Gynecological Cancer with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemical Drugs. Onco [Internet]. 2025; 5(2).
66.Sarapultsev A, Gusev E, Komelkova M, Utepova I, Luo S, Hu D. JAK-STAT signaling in inflammation and stress-related diseases: implications for therapeutic interventions. Molecular biomedicine. 2023;4(1):40.
67.Imtiaz S, Ferdous UT, Nizela A, Hasan A, Shakoor A, Zia AW, et al. Mechanistic study of cancer drug delivery: Current techniques, limitations, and future prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2025;290:117535.
68.Wang M, Chen S, He X, Yuan Y, Wei X. Targeting inflammation as cancer therapy. Journal of hematology & oncology. 2024;17(1):13.
69.Zhou X, Wu Y, Zhu Z, Lu C, Zhang C, Zeng L, et al. Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2025;10(1):7.
70.Attiq A, Afzal S. Trinity of inflammation, innate immune cells and cross-talk of signalling pathways in tumour microenvironment. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2023;14:1255727.
71.Nigam M, Mishra AP, Deb VK, Dimri DB, Tiwari V, Bungau SG, et al. Evaluation of the association of chronic inflammation and cancer: Insights and implications. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2023;164:115015.
72.Sandhbor P, John G, Bhat S, Goda JS. Immune response recalibration using immune therapy and biomimetic nano-therapy against high-grade gliomas and brain metastases. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2025;20(2):101021.
73.Passaro A, Al Bakir M, Hamilton EG, Diehn M, André F, Roy-Chowdhuri S, et al. Cancer biomarkers: Emerging trends and clinical implications for personalized treatment. Cell. 2024;187(7):1617-35.
74.Florescu DN, Boldeanu MV, Șerban RE, Florescu LM, Serbanescu MS, Ionescu M, et al. Correlation of the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, Inflammatory Markers, and Tumor Markers with the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer. Life (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;13(12).
75.Das S, Dey MK, Devireddy R, Gartia MR. Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. Sensors [Internet]. 2024; 24(1).
76.Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Cao H, Mao J, Chen X, et al. Liquid biopsy for human cancer: cancer screening, monitoring, and treatment. MedComm. 2024;5(6):e564.
77.Wang S, Yang Y, Ma P, Huang H, Tang Q, Miao H, et al. Landscape and perspectives of macrophage -targeted cancer therapy in clinical trials. Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics. 2022;24:799-813.
78.Li R, Ye JJ, Gan L, Zhang M, Sun D, Li Y, et al. Traumatic inflammatory response: pathophysiological role and clinical value of cytokines. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society. 2024;50(4):1313-30.
79.Ramos A, Sadeghi S, Tabatabaeian H. Battling Chemoresistance in Cancer: Root Causes and Strategies to Uproot Them. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(17).
80.Albini A, Di Paola L, Mei G, Baci D, Fusco N, Corso G, et al. Inflammation and cancer cell survival: TRAF2 as a key player. Cell Death Dis. 2025;16(1):292.
81.Shahgoli VK, Noorolyai S, Ahmadpour Youshanlui M, Saeidi H, Nasiri H, Mansoori B, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, and cancer: unmasking the chronic inflammation link. International journal of colorectal disease. 2024;39(1):173.
82.Bhol NK, Bhanjadeo MM, Singh AK, Dash UC, Ojha RR, Majhi S, et al. The interplay between cytokines, inflammation, and antioxidants: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potentials of various antioxidants and anti-cytokine compounds. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2024;178:117177.
83.Karimi S, Bakhshali R, Bolandi S, Zahed Z, Mojtaba Zadeh SS, Kaveh Zenjanab M, et al. For and against tumor microenvironment: Nanoparticle-based strategies for active cancer therapy. Materials Today Bio. 2025;31:101626.
84.Lu S, Li Y, Zhu C, Wang W, Zhou Y. Managing Cancer Drug Resistance from the Perspective of Inflammation. Journal of oncology. 2022;2022:3426407.
85.Giri S, Lamichhane G, Pandey J, Khadayat R, K. C S, Devkota HP, et al. Immune Modulation and Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors: Mechanisms of Resistance and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2025; 26(7).
86.Zhao Y, Dong Q, Li J, Zhang K, Qin J, Zhao J, et al. Targeting cancer stem cells and their niche: perspectives for future therapeutic targets and strategies. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2018;53:139-55.
87.Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, et al. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal transduction and targeted therapy. 2024;9(1):170.
88.Sadiq IZ, Abubakar FS, Katsayal BS, Ibrahim B, Adamu A, Usman MA, et al. Stem cells in regenerative medicine: Unlocking therapeutic potential through stem cell therapy, 3D bioprinting, gene editing, and drug discovery. Biomedical Engineering Advances. 2025;9:100172.
89.Mikkili I, Suluvoy JK, Thathapudi JJ, Srirama K. Synergistic strategies for cancer treatment: leveraging natural products, drug repurposing and molecular targets for integrated therapy. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2024;13(1):96.
90.Pelly VS, Moeini A, Roelofsen LM, Bonavita E, Bell CR, Hutton C, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Remodel the Tumor Immune Environment to Enhance Immune Checkpoint Blockade Efficacy. Cancer discovery. 2021;11(10):2602-19.
91.Al Khzem AH, Gomaa MS, Alturki MS, Tawfeeq N, Sarafroz M, Alonaizi SM, et al. Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences [Internet]. 2024; 25(22).