Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Physicians are enthusiastic about using a novel approach known as cancer immunotherapy to address various forms of cancer. However, there are occasions when novel therapies that demonstrate efficacy in laboratory settings may not provide the same level of effectiveness when applied to actual patients. To address this issue, scientists are using miniature replicas known as microfluidic models. These models provide the examination of the interaction between cancer and immune cells in a manner that closely resembles the physiological conditions inside the human body. This review examines the role of microfluidic models in advancing the development of more effective cancer therapies. Let's begin by discussing the current state of affairs in cancer immunotherapy. Next, we explore the use of microfluidic models by scientists to gain insights into the mechanisms via which the immune system combats cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic interventions. Additionally, we discuss the first measures used to demonstrate the efficacy of these models in predicting the effectiveness of therapies in human subjects. Lastly, we will discuss the advantages of using microfluidic models and the necessary steps to enhance their efficacy in the development of novel cancer therapies.
 

Abstract Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the most important causes of urinary tract infections. These strains possess various virulence factors, including adhesins, toxins, and iron acquisition systems. Virulence genes are situated on mobile genetic elements or in specific regions of the chromosome known as pathogenicity islands. In this study, 375 clinical samples from male and female patients suspected of having urinary tract infections were collected in the hospitals of Dhi Qar, Iraq, during the period from June 1, 2019, to November 1, 2019. Following the collection of 100 samples, bacterial isolation, DNA extraction, and antibiotic sensitivity tests were conducted using the disc diffusion method with the selected antibiotics. The presence of papC, aer, fimH, hly, cnf-1, and afa class genes was investigated using multiplex PCR. The results indicated that the highest frequency among the genes was associated with the fim gene (98%). The aer, papC, cnf-1, hly, and afa genes were also detected, with frequencies of 52%, 30%, 18%, 13%, and 11%, respectively. Additionally, the highest resistance and sensitivity among UPEC isolates were observed for amoxicillin (82.37%) and amikacin (92.35%) antibiotics, respectively.

Abstract IntroductionLung cancer is the prevailing form of cancer globally, with a significant fatality rate among both males and females. Lung cancer is the third most frequent type of cancer in Iran, and it is becoming more common all the time. Patients are frequently diagnosed in the advanced stages of the disease, which contributes to the high death rate. Therefore, the ability to identify molecular markers is essential for both early diagnosis and the choice of conventional treatment for lung cancer. Numerous genetic variations have been found to be strongly linked to the development of lung cancer, according to studies. The aim of this work is to look into the genes that contribute to the development of lung cancer.
Materials and methods: The present review was authored using search terms related to lung cancer, key genes, clinical biomarkers, and early diagnosis that were found on PubMed, NCBI, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar.
Findings: Since the EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and TP53 genes are the most significant and involved in the development of lung cancer, finding mutations in these genes can be a valuable clinical diagnostic for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Discussion and conclusion: With an emphasis on personalized medicine, the identification of genes linked to lung cancer may be utilized as clinical biomarkers for the disease's early diagnosis and effective treatment. The state of targeted lung cancer therapy and early detection techniques may be enhanced by molecular biomarkers. In the field of personalized medicine, identifying the genes linked to lung cancer as clinical biomarkers for early diagnosis and assessing treatment response to select a targeted treatment can be crucial in streamlining the therapeutic process, improving treatment response, lowering mortality, and lessening the material and spiritual harm this illness causes.

Abstract Background: The ASPN gene encodes a cartilage extracellular protein (Asporin) that is known to be involved in the pathological paths of osteoarthritis (OA). Many research efforts have explored the link between aspartic acid D-repeat polymorphism in the asporin (ASPN) gene and the risk of OA susceptibility, yet the findings are inconsistent. Our study involved a case-control analysis to examine the relationship between D allele polymorphism in asporin and primary hip osteoarthritis (HOA) among the Iranian population.
Methods: The asporin D repeat polymorphism was genotyped in primary HOA patients (N=70) and healthy controls (N=70). Each group consisted of 28 women and 42 men. Patients were classified into three subgroups based on the radiographic severity of osteoarthritis. Statistical analysis was performed on gender, severity, and primary HOA position.
Odds ratios (ORs) along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were utilized to assess the association between D-repeats in the ASPN gene and primary hip osteoarthritis.
Results: Three common D-repeat variants (D13, D14, and D15) of the ASPN gene were obtained. The most frequent allele in the patient group was observed at D13, while it was D15 among controls. In both cohorts, the least frequent allele was D14. Our findings indicate no statistically significant association between any D-repeats with primary HOA according to the sex of patients or the severity of the disease.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate that polymorphisms in the ASPN D-repeat are not linked to a higher risk of primary hip osteoarthritis (HOA) in the Iranian population.  However, future large studies are needed to validate these findings.

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a prevalent autosomal recessive disorder characterized by gradual weakening of the skeletal and respiratory muscles, resulting in substantial impairment. The illness is a result of genetic abnormalities in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which leads to a reduction in the SMN protein and subsequently causes the degeneration of lower motor neurons. Gene therapy is a method that has the potential to cure or prevent uncommon monogenic illnesses by substituting a defective gene with a functional one. Gene therapy is particularly suitable for monogenic illnesses since it has the ability to correct abnormalities in a single gene. Currently, Nusinersen, risdiplam, and onasemnogene abeparvovec are the only officially sanctioned treatments for SMA that have the ability to influence the course of the illness. The purpose of this analysis is to examine and analyze their mechanisms of action, impacts, and potential safety issues. Nusinersen and risdiplam function by altering the SMN2 gene product, whereas onasemnogene abeparvovec operates by introducing copies of the SMN1 gene into cells. In this article, we briefly describe the pathogenesis and treatment strate, gies of SMA.

Abstract Asthma is one of the most common non-communicable diseases characterized by reversible obstruction of airflow. It poses many problems for all age groups from infancy to old age. Various studies have shown that the occurrence of viral infections is associated with the severity of asthma symptoms so it can be prevented by controlling viral agents. In this study, the severity of the symptoms of persistent severe asthma with Haemophilus influenza infection was investigated. 31 patients with asthma with different degrees of disease were studied in this study. The results showed that in patients with asthma, the percentage of people with Haemophilus influenza was 71% and in 29% of other asthma cases, Haemophilus influenza virus was not observed. The relationship between asthma, cough and dyspnea with Haemophilus influenza infection showed that with increasing asthma symptoms, the severity of infection increases, and no significant association was observed between cough and dyspnea with Haemophilus influenza. Therefore, the results of this study clearly show that Haemophilus influenzae virus causes asthma symptoms to worsen in patients.