Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Recent research has uncovered a wide range of RNAs, including noncoding RNAs, and have discovered their varied modes of action inside cells. These ribonucleic acids (RNAs) play a crucial role in controlling many cellular processes and are thus anticipated to be significant targets for the treatment of human disorders. In recent years, RNA-based medicinal approaches have made significant advancements alongside their comprehensive functional research. Following extensive study and experimentation, medications based on antisense RNAs and small interfering RNAs have been successfully created and are already being used in clinical settings. Furthermore, there is now ongoing research focused on the development of pharmaceuticals using RNA aptamers and messenger RNA. In addition to the advancement of RNA-based medications, many techniques have been devised to effectively deliver RNA drugs into cells. RNA treatment offers several benefits compared to current therapeutics based on small molecules or monoclonal antibodies, mostly due to its ability to selectively target all genes inside cells. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the introduction of various RNA-based technologies and the introduction of RNA-based drugs in the market. In addition, the future prospects of RNA therapy will be addressed.

Abstract Cancer is a significant global cause of mortality, and enhancing therapy is essential to save lives and minimise adverse consequences. Aptamers, composed of DNA or RNA, have the potential for cancer treatment by precise targeting of certain molecules. Aptamers, unlike conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, have the specific objective of delivering medications directly to cancer cells, while reducing injury to healthy cells. This paper examines the process of aptamer development and utilisation in cancer treatment, with a specific emphasis on their capacity to enhance therapy and surmount drug resistance. Additionally, it explores the obstacles and potential advancements in using aptamers to transform cancer therapy.

Abstract In cancer treatment, anesthesia is commonly used during surgery to remove tumors, as well as for other procedures like biopsies, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy administration. Some research suggests that the choice of specific anesthetic drugs and nerve-sparing techniques can have a significant impact on cancer recurrence rates and overall patient survival. It is well-established that a patient's immune system plays a direct role in postoperative complications and long-term outcomes, highlighting the importance of optimizing anesthesia to minimize potential immune system suppression and improve immune function during cancer surgery. Recent studies have revealed a strong connection between the type of anesthesia used during surgery and the likelihood of cancer relapse and related mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to select the appropriate anesthesia technique for cancer resection, focusing on reversible effects, rapid recovery, and resistance to feedback. The specific anesthetic agents used during surgery have a significant impact on survival rates and the risk of cancer-related mortality. Genetic influences on anesthesia response are significant for improving patient care and achieving better results. Additionally, personalized medicine, which combines diagnostic testing and treatment, is now a clinical reality. Anesthesia's effects on depth, pain signals, vital signs, and the motor system are complex and not fully understood, and many researchers believe that anesthesia is regulated by multiple genes, although further research is needed to identify them and understand how they are regulated. The relationship between anesthesia and cancer is complex and evolving with implications for medical treatment. Limited evidence suggests that anesthesia and surgery-related factors can affect cancer biology and outcomes. Further research is needed to understand these interactions and develop strategies for improving cancer care during surgery. Better understanding can lead to safer and more effective cancer treatment, benefitting patients.

Abstract Microbiome means microbes coexisting with the host, regardless of the species, in a part of the body of an organism called microbiome. Nowadays, changes in gut microbiota are considered as a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC).Studies have shown that dietary habits and lifestyle play a role in modulating the gut microbiota.
Intestinal microbiota plays a role in converting food components into oncometabolites. Some studies showed that Shigella, Citrobacter and Salmonella bacteria are more abundant in the early stages of cancer compared to healthy people. The aim of this study is to review the role of microbiomes in the development of colorectal cancer and the metabolites produced by microbiomes in the development of colorectal cancer.

Abstract Cancer remains one of humanity's leading causes of both illness and death globally. In women worldwide, breast cancer remains the most widespread malignant condition. The new possibilities for direct treatment offered by the advances made thereby were the subject of the recent study undertaken as it sought to unravel tumorigenesis through genetics and molecular appreciation of cancer. Specifically, this research centers on devising and testing immunotoxins as anti-bacterial toxin-based constructs to treat breast cancer. These immunotoxins can kill cancer cells selectively while leaving normal tissues unharmed as they bind only to cancer cell antigens by using both the specificity of antibodies and bacterial toxins' cytotoxicity power. We assessed immunotoxins' binding affinities to their respective antigens based on computational dockings like HADDOCK explaining encouraging results characterized by good docking scores accompanied by low RMSDs—also, dual targeting approaches combined with structure-based. By developing humanized antibodies and novel targeting moieties, challenges such as immunogenicity and non-specific toxicity have been tackled. Our findings suggest that optimized immunotoxins
have great potential to enhance therapeutic window as well as efficacy in cancer treatments

Abstract Lots of people are struggling with Kidney disease or cancer around the world. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are associated directionally and share risk factors. Because of the role of kidneys in detoxification, studying the relationship between cancer chemotherapy and kidney disorders is significant. This investigation fills the current gap between cancer occurrence and kidney problems.
CKD can induce RCC through a cystic disorder or oxidative stress. RCC also promotes CKD due to the tumor interactions, physical removal of kidney mass, and perioperative acute renal disease. Kidney failure also leads to renal cancer-specific pathways. For example, renal progenitors are converted to tumor-initiating cells through HIF, Notch, mTOR, and Hippo pathways. Furthermore, progress in cancer treatment during recent years has increased the overall survival of patients with advanced malignancies faced with early and late adverse effects from therapeutics. There are conflicting findings about the dosing of typical chemotherapeutics because of loss of kidney function. Recommended doses are usually according to expert opinion, not scientific evidence. This investigation has evaluated issues in cancer patients with kidney problems that can help patients by informing physicians about GFR loss and its effect on chemotherapy.
Keywords: kidney diseases, cancer, chemotherapy, CKD, AKI