Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, affecting both men and women with a high mortality rate. The majority of cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, contributing to its poor prognosis. Early detection is crucial but challenging due to the asymptomatic nature of early-stage disease. Identifying reliable tumor markers is vital for improving diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized oncology by offering detailed insights into the genetic makeup of lung cancer. NGS allows for comprehensive genomic profiling, even from small samples, identifying mutations, gene fusions, and copy number variations. This review explores the role of NGS panels in lung cancer's early detection, particularly within personalized medicine. NGS enables clinicians to detect actionable biomarkers, tailor treatments based on individual genomic profiles, and improve outcomes. Its ability to analyze multiple genes simultaneously makes it efficient in identifying therapeutic targets and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, NGS processes large datasets quickly, promoting its adoption in clinical practice. By identifying genetic mutations driving tumor development, NGS supports more precise treatment approaches, improving clinical management and reducing mortality. Its cost-effectiveness, particularly in reducing the need for multiple tests, strengthens its position in oncology. As personalized medicine advances, NGS is expected to play a key role in lung cancer's diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, with ongoing technological improvements enhancing its clinical utility.

Abstract  A metabolic disease known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by a reduction in insulin production and activity. Nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular problems are among the pathological alterations that the body will unavoidably experience as the condition progresses. Type I DM and Type II DM are the two basic subtypes of DM. Oral hypoglycemics are used to treat type II diabetes, while insulin replacement treatment is often used to treat type I diabetes. Insulin secretagogues, biguanides, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, incretin mimetics, amylin antagonists, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the main medications used to treat type II diabetes. When first-line oral hypoglycemic medications are not as effective as monotherapy, dual-drug treatments are often advised for patients. Despite the significant therapeutic advantages, traditional dosage forms have a short half-life and varied bioavailability, which require frequent dosing and increased side effects. This may render treatment ineffective and result in patient non-compliance. With the extra benefit of site-specific medication delivery with increased bioavailability and a lower dose regimen, nanotechnology-based techniques are more alluring, given the pathological intricacy of the condition above.
In this review study, we have attempted to examine the biology of type II diabetes, traditional treatment modalities (mono and combination therapy), and drug delivery methods based on nanotechnology.

Abstract One of the biggest issues facing Muslim nations like Iran is food safety, namely the contamination of halal and non-halal meats. The adulteration will result in composite items that may not be visibly discernible to consumers, thereby leading to many social and health issues. The availability of a detection technology capable of distinguishing between halal and non-halal meats in processed meals is crucial, particularly for use in small-scale labs. This work aimed to create and improve species-specific primers to differentiate between halal and non-halal meats in processed meals, employing NADH Dehydrogenase and ATP Synthase genes via simplex and multiplex PCR experiments. The findings indicated that DNA from processed beef, poultry, and pig could be effectively amplified with the NADH Dehydrogenase and ATP Synthase primers used in this work. The amplicon bands generated were clearly visible and aligned with the targeted size in both simplex and multiplex PCR testing, in comparison to primers from previous studies. This study's drawback was the detection of non-specific bands in bovine NADH Dehydrogenase and pig ATP Synthase primers; nonetheless, the presence of these non-specific bands was acceptable as the primary targeted band remained clearly apparent. The existence of these primers is anticipated to enhance the efficacy of halal food authentication, particularly in small-scale labs located in rural regions of Iran.

Abstract Exosomes are becoming recognized as crucial facilitators of interaction between cells. They deliver biological agents to target cells, play essential roles throughout multiple biological and pathological events, and have significant potential as innovative alternative therapies for illnesses. Exosomal communication between cells appears to have a role in the development of several illnesses, involving cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, and inflammatory disorders. Exosomes are diminutive (20–150 nm) entities characterized by a unique bilipid protein architecture. They transport and switch diverse cargos across cells and serve as noninvasive indicators for multiple disorders. Exosomes are regarded as the most effective indicators for cancer detection due to their distinctive properties. This document will examine the current uses of exosomes, their origins, and diverse isolation techniques. Furthermore, the function of exosomes and their use in biomedical studies and preclinical experiments are succinctly addressed.

Abstract Urological issues in renal people with transplants include more than just posttransplant consequences. These issues contribute significantly to patient death and morbidity, resulting in long-term consequences for graft viability. Finally, transplantation is a key component of the urological network; hence, the transplant team ought to be ready for predictable and unforeseen urological difficulties in both the immediate and future. These mostly comprise surgical urological problems (urine leaks, ureteral stenosis, and vesicoureteral reflux) and bladder outlet blockage. A great deal has been achieved in the therapy of urological problems in the past few decades, owing mostly to developments in endourologic procedures. The purpose of this study is to outline the therapy of urological disorders following a renal transplant in light of present knowledge.

Abstract Cancer, the second foremost worldwide cause of mortality, affects individuals both physically and emotionally. Traditional therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have detrimental consequences, necessitating the pursuit of more targeted methods. Precision medicine facilitates more tailored therapies. The introduction of next-generation sequencing technology, as well as the growing frequency of large-scale tumor molecular profiling programs throughout the world, have changed cancer diagnosis and treatment. With the increasing availability of comprehensive genetic tests in medical and scientific settings, healthcare practitioners face complex hurdles in understanding and translating data. The article encapsulates the existing and forthcoming strategies for the implementation of precision cancer therapy, emphasizing the obstacles and potential ways to enhance the understanding and optimize the therapeutic value of molecular profiling outcomes.