Personalized and Precision Medicine Journal

Abstract Despite the well-known high prevalence of failure in drug development, recent advancements in tissue engineering and microfabrication have helped to create microphysiological systems (MPS), or "organs-on-chips," which mimic the function of human organs. These "tissue chips" might be used for toxicity and drug screening tests, which could revolutionize the early phases of the drug development process. Additionally, they may be utilized to simulate disease conditions, supplying new instruments for deciphering disease pathologies and causes and evaluating the efficacy of novel treatments. Future clinical trials on chips might be utilized to assess novel medicines in both populations and individuals, opening the door for precision medicine. Here, we'll discuss tissue chips' diverse potential and the difficulties in developing them.

Abstract Propiconazole is a systemic fungicide from the triazole group used to control a wide range of diseases. This poison causes cellular, genetic and metabolic damage in animals. A bone is a hard tissue whose content is constantly changing. Longitudinal growth of the bone occurs through the growth plate, which is a cartilaginous structure at the end of the body's long bones. During puberty, while the growth plate closes (ossifies), the longitudinal growth of the bone stops. This study aimed to investigate propiconazole's effect on growth plate width changes (including the area of ​​proliferating cells and the area of ​​hypertrophied cells) in immature rats. This experimental study was conducted on 12 immature male Wistar rats randomly divided into control and propiconazole groups. The treatments were done by oral gavage for 28 days. On the 28th day, the dead animals and the left leg femur were separated for histomorphometric studies of the growth plate width of the femoral epiphysis. Investigations were carried out by (Rasband Wayne, 40g.1. ver, ImageJ, USA, NIH), and the significance of the results was done by ANOVA analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The width of the growth plate in the propiconazole group had a significant decrease compared to the control group (P = 0.0126), which is a decrease in the width of the proliferating area (P < 0.001) and an increase in the width of the hypertrophied area (P = 0.016). Propiconazole leads to a decrease in the width of the growth plate of the femoral epiphysis of immature rats. It can be a factor in disrupting the process of longitudinal bone growth and premature closure of the growth plate.

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) leading to COVID-19 has initiated a catastrophe for humans since December 2019. Genetic and protein similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 offer the same treatments for both types of virus. However, there are some sequence or structural differences between SARS-CoV2 and SARS-CoV as well as other coronaviruses that make difficulties in discovering drugs and vaccines against this novel type of virus. Therefore, it is vital to recognize protein and genetic structures of SARS-CoV2 to discover drugs which directly target this strain of coronavirus. This review presents a perspective on SARS-CoV2, it’s genetic and protein structures with a brief comparison with other coronaviruses as well as summarizing some immune responses activated against SARS-CoV2. In addition, it introduces the novel strategies to combat with COVID-19 that would be potentially effective on SARS-CoV2.
 

Abstract The ability of immunotherapy to treat ovarian cancer is currently limited, however evaluating sensitive/resistant target treatment subpopulations based on stratification by tumor biomarkers may enhance this ability. These indicators include the number of tumor mutations, PD-L1, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, a lack of homologous recombination, and intratumoral heterogeneity of neoantigens. The use of these indicators to choose the best candidates for ovarian cancer treatment is one of the future directions. In addition to reviewing innovative treatments and study designs including tumor biomarkers that improve the chances of immunotherapy success in ovarian cancer, this paper also analyzes the function of immunotherapy in ovarian cancer.

Abstract Even if the symptoms during the acute phase are minimal, COVID-19 not only results in severe respiratory problems but also long-term consequences. Significant long-term consequences are now being identified as neurological and neuropsychiatric problems. The onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms brought on by a lengthy COVID might be challenging to detect and treat in patients with behavioral problems, such as those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this article, we describe three instances of ASD that showed a substantial worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms after exposure to COVID-19 and subsequent difficulties controlling the post-COVID neuropsychiatric symptoms. The therapy intended to target COVID-19-induced immune reaction was delayed because Case 1 caught SARS-CoV-2 in the early phases of the epidemic. Case 2 had a verified COVID-19 exposure but showed no symptoms during the acute phase, however, she later had severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. Case 3 had a challenging course, in part because of underlying immunological dysregulation and the past use of many immunomodulating drugs. Significant variations in peripheral blood monocytes' generation of inflammatory and counter-regulatory cytokines were seen in cases 1 and 3, for which serial blood samples were taken. The instances discussed here show how COVID-19 has a significant impact on neuropsychiatric symptoms in ASD patients as well as how challenging it is to treat long-term COVID side effects.

Abstract A model system for precision medicine has been suggested using tumor organoids. Tumor organoids are unique for cancer research on a patient-by-patient basis because they are able to preserve properties of the original tumor. As a result, it is alluring to consider using tumor organoids to improve patient outcomes during clinical decision-making. Patient outcomes have a good correlation with tumor organoid responses to a variety of medicines in vitro. Before application in clinical cancer care can be considered, however, there are still significant obstacles to be overcome and large cohort prospective trials are desperately needed. Tumor organoids offer a lot of potential in preclinical research due to their unique traits and direct connection to patient data. Here, we have evaluated the most recent developments in the development and use of cancer organoids grown from patients for cancer biology research and customized treatment. We have concentrated on the potential of organoids as a platform for the discovery and creation of innovative targeted therapies for the most intractable malignancy, pancreatobiliary cancer.